16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.60. 



was devised, which conferred on the user vastly augmented power. 

 The implement was notched, grooved, or perforated to aid in fixing 

 the handle. Later on stone was supplemented by metal. Copper, 

 bronze, iron, and steel followed in order. 



The triumphs of human effort and ingenuity may be realized by 

 comparing the stone hammer, still in use by half the race, with the 

 machine hammer of to-day, illustrated in No. 14. 



In very early times with our own race .the hammer served as a 

 weapon, and it still serves as such with most primitive people. In 

 civilization this office is taken by more highly perfected devices, but 

 vast expanse of function has taken place in our modern industries. 



No. 3. Hammerstones. Natural pebbles of quartzite, modified by use in shaping 

 stone implements. New Mexico and Ohio 98,343, 130,554 



No. 2. Hammerstones. Nodules of flint worn round by use. The usual stone- 

 shaping hammer in Europe and America. Switzerland- 100,561, 98.342 



No. 3. Hammerstones. Natural forms battered around the periphery, with de- 

 pressions in the sides. New York and Arizona 6,602, 133.590 



No. 4. Grooved hammers, slightly grooved for attachment of withe handle. 

 Lake Superior , 2,334 



No. 5. Grooved hammers, deeply grooved for mounting. Arizona. 



No. 6. Stone hammer ; rude granite ; marks of use on face ; ivory handle at- 

 taching by lashing of sinews. Eskimo 89,655 



No. 7. Stone hammer ; bowlder modified by use ; slightly grooved ; withe handle 

 covered with buckskin. Great Plains 1.52,312 



No; 8. Ivory hammer with modern handle, notched or granted in and fastened 

 with cord. 



No. 9. Hammers, one of staghorn, one of stone ; drilled for insertion of handles. 

 Swiss Lake, Yverdon 100,634, 100,708 



No. 10. Stone hammers, pecked and ground ; drilled for handles ; hammer face 

 and ax or hatchet edge. Denmark and Prussia 58,552, 137,134 



No. 11. Old-fashioned claw hammer of iron, square face. Finland 167,876 



No. 12. Modern blacksmith's hammer ; cast steel ; round face and peen. 



No. 13. Modern claw hammer ; cast steel ; round face. 



No. 14. Modern machine hammer. 



SEBIES 2. — SAW. 



Plate 17. 



The saw is a tool for severing materials by abrasion and cutting. 

 The most primitive form of the saw is a siliceous stone having a 

 ragged edge. Such an implement would be of great service to the 

 savage in his working in wood, bone, horn, antler, ivory, and stone. 

 The series passes through forms in stone, in sand cutting, and in 

 metal, and finds its climax in the saw with composite edge in the 

 sawmill, and in the refinement and specialization of the working 

 part of the implement for various kinds of cutting. The prehistoric 

 peoples of Europe as well as of America used stone saws for wood 

 and bone. They were chipped flint, resembling knife blades, three 

 or more inches long and serrated on one edge. As the objects cut did 



