18 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, vol.60. 



are pointed, chisel-edged, tubular, screw-shaped, or bladed, as in the 

 latest forms. The manual part of the drill is at first a mere adapta- 

 tion to the hand of a portion of the tool. This is followed by crude 

 handles, spindle shafts, strap drills, pump drills, and so on, up to the 

 machine drills of our factories. 



The Eskimos have three styles of apparatus for drilling — ^the hand 

 drill, the strap drill, and the bow drill. The strap drill, as a rule, 

 requires the services of two men, while the bow drill may be operated 

 by one man, using also the mouthpiece for a pivot at the upper end of 

 the shaft. The driller kneels or sits upon the ground and holds the 

 object to be bored in his left hand. The working end of the shaft 

 pierces this object, while the upper end is pointed and operated in a 

 stone or other hard socket set into the wooden mouthpiece, which is 

 grasped firmly by the teeth. With his right hand he revolves the shaft 

 by means of a bow and cord. 



No. 1. Cores of flakable stone, pointed for drilling. The grip may be finished 

 with pitch or wrapping 23,659, 18,302 



No. 2. Chipped drills with slender bits and flattened or crutch-shape grip. This 

 flattened portion could be inserted in a " saw cut " at the end of a 

 handle 32,526, 13,721, 173,790, 19.500 



No. 3. Drill bits of stone and metal, the last named driven into the end of a 

 piece of antler with crutch-shape grip 181,655, 89,973 



No. 4. Drill bits of copper ; useful in boring soft material without sand and hard 



material with sand. Method of hafting not knowTi 147,334, 



147,345, 147,309(2) 



No. 5. Spindle drill. Bit of iron or stone. The shaft is held between the palms 

 of the hands and driven by reciprocating motion or worked on the 

 naked thigh with one hand 128,751 



No. 6. Strap drill, consisting of spindle and bit, mouthpiece and socket, and 

 driving strap of rawhide, wrapped once about the spindle and driven 

 by the two hands holding of grips of bear's teeth at the ends 33,654 



No. 7. Bow drill. Spindle of wood, bit of iron, bow from seal's rib, mouthpiece 

 of wood with stone socket. Reciprocating circular motion is produced 

 by the backward and forward motion of the bowstring 177,734 



No. 8. Pump drill. (Model.) Its parts are spindle and stone bit, spindle whorl, 

 horizontal grip pierced by the spindle, and string of buckskin for driv- 

 ing. Reciprocating motion is given by the vertical movement of the 

 grip 134,168 



No. 9. Finland auger, consisting of bit inserted in the end of the stock ; handle 

 fitted in a mortise through the stock ; socket of wood to fit against the 

 breast, bolted to the upper end of stock 167,785 



No. 10. Drill bits made from hardened steel, for boring steel and iron. 



No. 11. Steel bits for boring in wood and similar materials. In China and 

 Japan such bits were worked in straight handles. 



No. 12. Steel center bit with gauge to regulate the size of the hole. 



No. 13. Common brace and center bit for boring. These braces have fixed con- 

 nective joints, and bits all have the same size butt. 



No. 14. Brace with adjustable connective to fit the top of the bit. 



No. 15. Mechanical drill. Spindle a screw with long thread, pivoted in a fixed 

 handle above, moved by a nut of wood forced up and down the spindle. 



