ART. 9. HISTORY OF INVENTIONS — HOUGH. 23 



the latest were made up of several pieces of different kinds of wood 

 glued together and lined on the back with sinew or tough rawhide. 

 The inner layer supplies the element of rigidity; the outer layer or 

 back that of elasticity, and these two layers are held firmly in place 

 by side pieces glued on. The limit of the simple bow is that of the 

 muscular effort required to bend it ; but if the bow be fastened to a 

 stick, as in the bow gun or arbalest, then mechanical devices can be 

 used to bend it, so that its rigidity and efficiency may be increased 

 immensely ; in fact, the different types of arbalest receive their names 

 from the methods of bending the bow. There were three distinct 

 varieties of this weapon — the arbalete a pied-de-hiche^ or hind's foot; 

 the arhcdete a tour^ or rack-and-pinion crossbow, or great-stirrup 

 crossbow ; and the arhcdete a cry ro a eric — lever crossbow in English. 



No. 1. Zuni bow. Plain sapling split and little modified ; string of sinew cord. 



The Zuni arrows are poorly made 69,574 



No. 2. Sioux bow of hardwood. In this example is illustrated the double curve 



produced by heating and bending 1,769 



No. 3. Yew bow of Oregon, overlaid on the back with sinew mixed with glue ; 



grips covered with buckskin ; nocks ornamented with fur ; string of 



sinew. 

 No. 4. Eskimo sinew-backed bow of brittle wood, strengthened by ingenious 



wrappings of sinew cord, which is also laid in a cable along the back. 



The peculiar curve is that of the northern Asiatic bow. 

 No. 5. Compound bow of the eastern Eskimo, of three pieces of whale's rib, 



forming the grip and the wings. These are united with seizings 



of sinew thread and rivets, and the whole strengthened by sinew 



backing 19,513 



No. 6. Crossbow from northern Labrador. Probably a toy, but illustrating a 



very primitive type of this weapon. Stock of pine wood; bowstring 



of sinew 73,017 



No. 7. Chinese magazine crossbow. Darts are placed in a magazine having two 



slots and are discharged in pairs. The magazine is tilted, with the 



lever letting off the string. 



HISTORY OF FISHING. 



The art of capturing animals for food and other purposes has re- 

 quired a vast amount of tools and appliances. Herein the mind of 

 man is pitted against the natural instincts of self-preservation, 

 which animals have in a high degree. The result is an advanced 

 order of inventions. From these the series relating to fishing has 

 been selected. 



The term fishing applies to the capture of animals living in the 

 water. The apparatus used may be divided into two general classes — 

 that by which the animal |is t aken involuntarily and that in which 

 it effects self-capture or destruction. Those of the first class are 

 usually called fishing implements, those of the latter traps. The 



