AET. ». HISTORY OF INVENIIONS HOUGH. 35 



the pincers, and the bellows. The latest manifestations of this series 

 are found in trip hammers, rolling mills, hydraulic welding and rivet- 

 ing, traveling derricks, which are only elaborated tongs, and the host 

 of mechanical tools in foundries and machine shops. 



No. 1. Stone hammer from Gaboon, Africa 154,088 



No. 2. Japanese hammer. Head a plain cylinder of iron; helve of oak, fitting 

 into a rectangular eye in the head 19,4G0 



No. 3. Ordinary smith's hammer. The face is octagonal and the peen is wedge- 

 shaped ; handle hickory; eye oval 166,679 



No. 4. Modern blacksmith's hammer. Face circular ; poll flat and distinctly out- 

 lined ; peen wedge-shaped, constricted at the top ; handle hickory ; eye 

 oval. 



No. 5. Japanese jeweler's hammer, with poll and face of uniform size. Rectangu- 

 lar peen, long, pyramidal, and pointed ; handle of oak set in a square 

 eye 19,461 



No. 6. Japanese jeweler's anvil. Thick spike of iron, with the upper portion 

 squared and polished for hammering 19,461 



No. 7. Model of a pump drill, all of iron. Used in country blacksmith shops for 

 boring carriage tires 126,744 



No. 8. A country blacksmith shop (pi. 36). 



No. 9. Tibetan bellows without valves. The air is let into the goatskin by open- 

 ing the end and forced out by closing it. (No cut.) 175,321 



No. 10. Double bellows with simple valves of monkey fur. Gaboon, Africa 

 (pi. 37) 164,873 



No. 11. Common bellows used in houses 70 years ago. 



No. 12. Dividers, with loop for setting 167,879 



No. 13. Square-faced tongs or nippers 168,747 



No. 14. Pincers for drawing nails 19,430 



No. 15. Dividers for gauging. 



No. 16. Copies of ancient molds in which socketed axes were cast. Bronze 

 Age 139,755 



HISTORY OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 



Musical instruments have had an interesting history on account of 

 the great development which has taken place along four lines, each 

 furnishing a tremendous variety of instruments. This history is 

 early shown on account of the numerous surviving examples of every 

 type of invention connected with the subject. The following text 

 will give a clear idea of the development. 



SERIES 1. — PEECUSSrVE INSTBUMENTS OF MUSIC. 



Plates 38-39. 



The earliest and simplest function of music was to mark time in 

 singing and acting. Later came melody and harmony. Even those 

 instruments that simply mark time belong to several classes — those 

 with no determined tone, such as rattles, cymbals, gong-s, and bells, 

 or those that have some determined tone, as the xjdophone, gong 

 chimes, and bell chimes. Another branch of these instruments are 



