ART. 9. HISTORY OF INVENTIONS — HOUGH. . 47 



No. 16. Human figure. Head and legs worked out, body a mere block. 



No. 17. Human figure. Body, head, and arms posed and well worked out in the 

 round. 



No. 18. Human figure with free limbs. Worked in relief and posed. Costa Rica. 



No. 19. Human nud animal figures posed and in action. American Indians. 

 Northwest coast. 



No. 20. Masks in serpentine and onyx, showing appreciation of facial charac- 

 ters. Larger mask probably a portrait. Mexico. (Three to right in 

 lower row. 



SERIES 3. — IMPLEMENTS USED IN SHAPING STONE. 



.Plates 55 and 56. 



The series begins with the stone hammer, used very generally by 

 primitive peoples in shaping stone. Analogous forms of the tool 

 occur the world over, and European and American forms are iden- 

 tical. In shaping brittle stone the discoid or globular hammer (Nos. 

 1, 2, and 4) is held in the hand and flakes are removed by sharp 

 blows, while tough varieties are shaped hj pecking, or bruising, and 

 grinding. The bone implement (No. 3) is used in removing small 

 flalves or chips by pressure (see result in No. 4, series 1, and No. 5, 

 series 2). Drills (Nos. 6, 7) are employed in perforating or in deep 

 cutting. The core made by the copper tubular drill is shown in lower 

 figure 7. Abrading stones (No. 5) serve to rub down surfaces and 

 sharpen edges, and chisels (No. 9) are employed in carving soft 

 varieties of stone, as soapstone, shown in lower figure 9. The shaping 

 instruments of advanced peoples are of metal (No. 10), but are ex- 

 tremely simple, save where a machine is used as the motive power. 



No. 1. Hammerstones made of boulders and used in flaking stone. Stone Age. 



Europe and America furnish identical forms 231,866, 231,865 



No. 2. Hammerstone, artificial shape. Used in flaking and pecking stone ; 



Stone Age. Europe and America furnish identical forms 172,758 



No. 3. Implement of bone used in flaking stone by pressure. Alaskan Es- 

 kimos 176,549 



No. 4. Pitted hammer used in flaking and pecking stone ; Stone Age. Europe 



and America furnish identical forms 131,526 



No. 5. Abrading stone ; Stone Age. Europe; America 231,881 



No. 6. Drill. Section of cane used in boring stone ; sand used with drill as 



cutting agent. American Indians. 

 No. 7. Tubular drill. Copper and partially drilled stone implement ; sand used 



with drill as cutting agent. American Indians ■ , 45,588 



No. 8. Sawing tool of slate and specimens of sawed stone. Alaskan Eskimo. 



56.666. 44,621 

 (Note. — The modern diamond drill, which works by abrasion by fixed dia- 

 raond points, would come here.) 



No. 9. Stone chisel for cutting soapstone and piece of the shaped Stone. Ameri- 

 can Indians 35,480 



No. 10. Sculptor's four essential tools: (a.) Bow drill, (&) drove, (c) tooth 



chisel, id) mallet, (e) chisel, (f) point 34,864 



(Note. — The machines used in cutting stone which are in general use mark 

 the great advance of the stoneworking industry.) 



