ART. 2 BEETLE LARVAE OF GALERUCINAE BOVING 7 



band. The eusternal and each of the stemellar areas usually with a 

 thinly chitinized, lightly colorecj, and indistinctly limited sclerite. 



Ninth abdominal segment (figs. 3, 14) either moderately large or 

 rather small, in dorsal vieAV subrectangular to semilunar, covered by a 

 pygidial shield; ventral parts of the segment forming a small, narrow 

 band often covered by a thin chitinous plate; areas not differentiated; 

 a series of a few setae present. 



Tenth abdominal segment (fig. 60) developed as a large, retractile, 

 powerful pygopod with the sucking surface marginally lobed and 

 anal opening placed in the middle of the surface. 



Legs (fig. 62) inserted widely apart, strongly chitinized, at least 

 on the exterior side, of moderate length, about as long as half the 

 width of a thoracic segment, usually darkly colored, five-jointod. 

 Coxa sessile, with a large, soft, whitish area for the reception of 

 trochanter and femur; trochanter well developed, as long as coxa, 

 subtriangular, in contact with almost the entire underside of femur; 

 femur corresponding in form and size to trochanter; tibia subcylin- 

 drical, about as long as the combined femur and trochanter and also 

 as long as coxa; claw usually strongly curved, enlarged at base and 

 terminally pointed, rather short. Paronychial appendix (po) fleshy, 

 whitish, projecting behind the claw from a soft skinned area at the 

 end of tibia. 



Spiracles (fig. 58) annuliform, all lateral and of equal, moderate 

 size; one located in mesothorax, one rudimentary in metathorax and 

 one in each of the first eight abdominal segments. The inside of the 

 spiracular mouthpiece beset with numerous minute spinulse; no defi- 

 nite atrium. (Fig. 57.) The closing apparatus of the one-armed 

 type, located close to the spiracle proper. 



Defensive glands (fig. 15) present only in a single larva, AgeJas- 

 tica aim, and here aggregated in the wall of sacs that can be turned 

 inside out and that are located above the spiracles and between the 

 almost fused anterior and posterior parascutal sclerites of the first 

 to eighth abdominal segments. 



Habits. — The larvae of the Galerucinae are herbivorous and exter- 

 nal feeders, except the larva of Monoxia consputa, which mines in- 

 side the leaves of Chenopodmm alhuiii and some related plants. The 

 larvae are usually found on the same host plants as their imagines 

 but make feeding marks of a different type; they never cover 

 themselves with their excrements, and, with the exception of the 

 larva of Agelasfica alni mentioned above, have no defensive organs. 

 After a larval period represented by three instars the pupation takes 

 place either in the soil inside of a cell-shaped excavation whose walls 

 may or may not be reenforced by spun threads {Monocesta coryli, the 

 species of THThahda^ Galerucella cavicoUis, G. kalmiae, G. vaccinii, 



