ETHNOLOGY. 13 



Tunuks made houses out of stone.* They were iible to lift large stones. 

 "We were afraid of them ; ' we fought with them and killed them. They 

 (the Tumilis) came in the first j)lace from Greenland.] The women made 

 clothes from their own hair. They had no dogs at that time, but they 

 made sledges and harnesses, and finally {witcJiou = by and bj') put th(; 

 harnesses on three rocks, one white, one red, and one black; they theii 

 called, and when they looked they found the stones had been trans- 

 formed into dogs. • After a time they got plenty dogs; then they went 

 about more. The i)resent Eskimo could not understand their language. 

 They lived to a great age {E. tukeivouk nami = did not die!). Far to the 

 west some Eskimo lately saw some Tunuks; they had bear-skin cloth- 

 ing. In the lunulcs land (where?) the musk ox {oming muk), bear, and 

 seals are abundant. They build walls of stones on the land, and drive 

 the reindeer into ponds, and catch them in kyacks. They have a large, 

 long callytong (coat, or jumper jacket) that they fasten down around 

 them on the ice while they are watching a seal's hole ; underneath this 



* Vide sketch of foundation, No. 1. Stone foundations of a somewhat peculiar pat- 

 tern are found in many of the larger fjords. The subject of the sketch was about four- 

 teen feet in its greatest diameter (the larger enclosure) inside ; the smaller one about 

 ten feet. The arrangement is much the same as the Eskimo use at the present day, Ji 

 raised platform in the end opposite the entrance for a sleeping and general lounging 

 place, and two smaller jilatforms on either side, where the lamps are kept, and wher^ 

 the garbage accumulates. 



These foundations are now mere ruins. Some of the stones in the waUa are so large 

 that it must have required the united efforts of several men to place them in position. 

 The stones gradually diminish in size from the foundation upward. Standing walls are 

 from two to three feet high, and might have been a foot higher, to judge from the 

 loose stones lying about. There was probably a frame-work of whale ribs, over which 

 the seal-skin covering was spread. 



On the north side of this foundation were seven kyacks, built of small stones ; they 

 lie parallel to each other, and are from ten to fifteen feet in length; they are built of 

 a single row of stones, and only one tier high. These are said to indicate the number 

 of inmates that have died. They appear to us more like the work of children. In 

 the lamp-places we found the remains of Pagomys fcetidus (abundant), Phoca harhata, 

 Cistophora cristata, TrichecMs rosmarus, Ursus maritinms (the three last-named species 

 occur now only as stragglers in the vicinity), Bangifer tarandus, Beluga catodon, Larus 



?, and Somateria ? {mollissima, probably). Other bones are found, but not 



recognizable from decay. No implements were found except a stone skin-scraper. 

 The present Eskimo say these stone foimdations were made by the Timnlcs. They are 

 found in various out-of-the-way places, especially in the greater Kingwah Fjord. 



t About twenty years ago, a man and women (Greenlandors) lauded near Cape Mercy, 

 having got adrift on a piece of ice on the Greenland coast. From this occiu-rence we 

 conjecture that the story has received a modern addition. 



