Jo7-dan and Evcrmann. — Fishes of North America. 1471 



pectorals; pectorals \\ in head; caudal /-shaped, the 

 broad rounded lower lobe longer than the acute upper; 

 scales all ctenoid, those of the breast larger and regu- 

 larly placed. Color grayish silvery, with obscvire darker 

 clouds along the back and sides, these marks forming 

 dusky bars, running obliquely forward and downward to 

 considerably below the lateral line, these often obsolete; 

 the bar at the nape saddle-like; lining of gill cavity 

 dusky; pectoral yellowish, dusky at tip; an obscure 

 dusky streak along the lower parts of sides running into 

 lower lobe of caudal. ajiericanus, 1859. 



hh. Outer teeth of upper jaw less enlarged; spinous dorsal elevated, 

 the longest spine reaching past front of soft dorsal, its length 

 l\ in head; coloration strongly marked, body scarcely sil- 

 very; eyes small, 2^ in snout, 2 in interorbital area, about 7 

 in head; snout long, bluntish, 3i in head; mouth large; max- 

 illary reaching middle of eye, 2| in head ; pectorals \\ in 

 head. Colordusky gray above, sometimes blackish, the back 

 and sides with distinct dark oblique cross bands running 

 downward and forward, the anterior 1 at the nape extend- 

 ing downward, meeting the second and thus forming a 

 V-shaped blotch on each side; a dark lateral streak bound- 

 ing the pale color of the belly, most distinct posteriorly, and 

 extending on lower lobe of caudal; inside of gill cavity 

 scarcely dusky ; pectorals dark. saxatilis, 1860. 



gg. :Mouth smaller, the maxillary reaching scarcely to front of eye, 

 3i in head; teetli on lower pharyngeals bluntish; coloration 

 grayish, with dark streaks along the rows of scales. Snout long, 

 little projecting, Z\ in head; eye small, 7 in liead, 2^ in snout, \% 

 in interorbital area ; outer teeth in upper jaw moderately enlarged ; 

 lower pharyngeals a little broader than in Jf. amerieanus, the 

 teeth coarser, and many of them bluntish, none of them really 

 molar; pectorals 1^ in head; scales all ctenoid. Color sooty gray- 

 ish, with bright retiections ; the back, all the fins, and under side 

 of head dusky ; undulating lines along sides running upward and 

 backward, made of dark points in center of each scale; back often 

 with very faint dark cross bars; edge of opercle dusky; lining of 

 gill cavity slightly dusty. undulatus, 1861. 



TJmbrula (umbra, shade) : 

 bh. Gill rakers present, very short and rather slender; lower pharyngeals rather broad; 

 some or most of the teeth molar, that is, enlarged, with thickened rounded 

 heads, the molar teeth covering at least the anterior portion of the bone ; teetli 

 in the outer series of upper jaw scarcely larger than the others : scales on breast 

 small. 

 j. Upper lobe of caudal longer than lower; scales rather small, about 25 in an 

 oblique series from vent forward to lateral line ; axillary scale ^ length of 

 pectoral; snout very little projecting; gill rakers very short, 3 + 5, the 

 longest about J diameter of pupil ; lower pharyngeal bones narrower than 

 in littoralig; body more elongate than in other species ; eye small, 7 in head ; 

 snout long. 3 in head ; mouth small, the maxillary scarcely reaching front of 

 eye ; anterior soft rays of dorsal almost twice as long as the posterior ones. 

 Color bluish on sides and back, silvery below, without stripes or bauds. 



elongatus, 1862. 



jj. Upper lobe of caudal not longer than lower; scales rather large, 15 to 18 in an 



oblique series from vent upward and forward to lateral line; axillary scale 



not i length of pectoral; snout distinctly jirojecting beyond mouth, 3,V in 



head; gill rakers larger than in other species, the longest about J length of 



