20 H. B. Ferris, M.D. 



radius as the lower point. The l)readth of the hand was not 

 determined in the Expedition of 1912. If comparisons are to 

 .be of any value whatever, similar methods of measurements of 

 the living should be adopted by anthropologists and these methods 

 should be such as to give results as closely as possible to the 

 measurements obtained on the skeleton. The physiognomic 

 measurements of the nose, how^ever. clearly can not be compared 

 with those of the skeleton. 



In the male the average hand length is 171, the extremes 188 

 and 149, and the variation range 39. In the former expedition 

 the average was 174. the extremes 197 and 156, and the range of 

 variation 41. 



In the female the average hand length is 159, the extremes 174 

 and 144, with a variation range of- 30. The average male hand 

 surpasses in length the average female hand by 12 millimeters. 

 The only female hand length obtained by the 1912 Expedition 

 w^as 163. 



The average breadth of hand in the male is 88, the extremes 

 97 and 76, and the variation range 21. In the female the average 

 breadth is 77.5, the extremes 86 and 67, and the variation range 19. 



Martin gives 184 as the average hand length of the European. 



The hand index \^, rr — ) in the male averages 51.3. the 



extremes are 56.4 and 45.4, and the variation range ii. In the 

 female the average index is 48.8, the extremes 53.4 and 44.2, 

 with a variation range of 9.2. 



Martin states that this index varies racially from 40 to 48.1, 

 being less in the female. Comparison of the results of diiTerent 

 observers are well nigh impossible, because of the ditterent 

 methods of measurement employed. 



The seriation tables dealing with the measurements of the hand 

 show that while 50% of females have a hand length between 

 15.6 and 16.6, the males have only 18.8%. Of the females, 

 88% have hand breadths between 7.4 and 8.4, while only 11.7% 

 of the males are within these limits. The male, apparently, is 

 more variable in both hand breadth and length than the female. 

 Similarly, in the case of the hand index, the males are scattered 

 through a greater range than the females. The average hand 

 module in the male is 12.9 and in the female 11.8. The hand of 

 the Quichua female is not only on the average narrower and 



