Jordan and FA'ermann. — Fishes of North America. 21 



of caudal; caudal fiu about \ of the length, a notch at its tip, opposite 

 last vertebra. Color brown, with small black spots scattered over tlie 

 body and fins. L. 2 feet. Coast of California ; abundant south of Point 

 Concepciou. Its spirally twisted egg cases are very remarkable. (Name 

 from Sau Francisco, but its range probably does not extend sc far to the 

 north.) 



Pcs/raciow/caHriwi, GlRAlui, Prcic. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1S54, 19G, Monterey. 

 (7t'.s/;o'iViii /'(viiir/.wi, Gi'NTiiER, Cat., VIII, 410, 1870. 



Oiirojilcmodiis francixci, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18G2, 492; Jordan & Gilbert, Synop- 

 sis, :n, 1883. 



21. GYROPLEURODUS QFOTI, (FrCminville). 



First dorsal inserted nearer ventrals than pectorals; anal fin low, not 

 reaching base of caudal; body slender. Brown, with round dark spots 

 about as large as eye. ( Valenciennes. ) Galapagos Islands. (To M. Quoy, a 

 French naturalist.) 



Ceslrachn quoyi, Freminville, Mag. Zolil., 1S40, pi. 3, Galapagos. 



Cealrac.ion pautberinns, Valenciennes, Voyage de la Vonus, about 18.50, 320, Galapagos. 



Cestracion quoyi, GL'nther, Cat., vni, 416, 1870. 



Suborder GALEI. 

 (The True Sharks.) 



Asterospondylous sharks with the palatoquadrate apparatus not artic- 

 ulated with the skull ; gill openings always .5 and always lateral. Dorsal 

 fins 2, well developed, each without spines. This order contains most of 

 the living sharks. (ycAeof, a shark.) 



a. First dor.sal fln over or Ijeliind the ventrals ; spiracle present ; no nictitating membrane. 



b. Tail not bent upward ; nostrils not confluent with the mouth. Scyllioriiinid.e, viii. 

 bh. Tail abruptly directed upward and backward from the base of the caudal fin : nostrils 



confluent with tiie mouth. Ginglymostomid.e, ix. 



aa. First dorsal fin inserted more or loss in advance of the ventrals. 



c. First dorsal fin long and low, highest posteriorly ; spiracles developed; no pit at root 



of caudal: gill openings all in advance of pectoral. PsEunoTRiAKin.K, x. 



cc. First dorsal fin high, highest anteriorly, its base wholly in front of that of ventrals. 

 d. Caudal fin not lunate, its upper lobe two or more times the length of the lower, with 

 a notch below toward its tip ; side of tail not keeled, 

 c. Last gill opening above base of pectoral. 



/. Tail moderately developed, forming less than ]4 of the total length; eyes 

 with nictitating membranes. 

 g. Head normally formed. Galeidje, xi. 



g(j. Head hammer-shaped or kidney-shaped by the extension of its sides. 



SPIlYRNID.t:, XII. 



ff. Tail exceedingly long, forming about J^ the total length: eyes without 

 nictitating membrane. Alopiid.k, xill. 



ee. Last gill opening entirely in front of pectoral; spiracles pore-like; tail moder- 

 ately developed. Carchariidje, xiv. 

 dd. Caudal fin lunate; caudal peduncle with a keel on each side; size large. 

 /(. Last gill opening entirely in front of pectorals. 



i. Gill openings moderate ; teeth large and .shari'. LAMNin.T:, xv. 



n. Gill openings very large, nearly meeting under the throat ; teeth very 



small; size enormous. CETORiiixin.K, xvi. 



hh. Last gill opening above the base of the pectorals. IiiiiNOUONTiU£, xvil. 



