Jordan and Ever maun. — Fishes of North America. 97 



beuds downward in au elliptical course, and then rises vertically from 

 the occiput to join its counterpart from the other side; bridle-liko 

 extensions of the same system extend on the sides of the head under 

 the eyes, curving upward in front of the eye, then downward and joining 

 on the underside of the snout to a branch running from beneath the eye 

 downward to the base of the pectoral in the young, or under the throat to 

 a junction in the older ones, and also forward from the same point under 

 the eyes to join on either side the circle which survouuds the mouth. 

 An elaborate system of mucous pores upon all sides of the snout ; on the 

 under surface of the snout in 4 longitudinal series. In the older indi- 

 viduals there is an extension of the lateral line system on either side of 

 the midrib on the snout to its tip, and there are also symmetrical contin- 

 uations of the same upon the under surface of the snout. Color brown ; 

 caudal filament pale. Eye 5i in snout in the older specimens, and the 

 distance between the eyes is equal to their diameter. Four specimens 

 known, the largest, a female (No. 39415, U. S. N. M.), 25 inches in length, 

 from 39° 44^ 30^^ N. lat., 70° 30^ 45''^ W. long., in 1,081 fathoms, taken by 

 the steamer Albatross. Another, a male (No. 38200, U. S. N. M.), 19i inches 

 in length, was taken by the Albatross in 36° 45^ N. lat., 74° 28^ 30^^ W. 

 long., at a depth of 781 fathoms. A third, a young individual (No. 35520, 

 U. S. N. M.), 4 inches in leugth, was obtained by the Albatross in 39° 37'' 

 45'' N. lat., 71° 18' 45" W. long., in 991 fathoms. Still another (No. 

 35631), was taken at station 2235, lat. 39° 12', long. 72° 03' 30", 707 fath- 

 oms. (Goode & Bean.) (Named in honor of Sir Walter Raleigh, by whom 

 the first English scientific explorer was sent to the New World.) 



Harriolla raUiyhanu, GooDE & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 33, 1894, 39° N., 70° W. 



With this extraordinary creature we close the Selachian series and take 

 up the group of Ganoids, from which stock the true fishes of the present 

 day, as well as all the higher vertebrates, seem to be descended. The 

 old Ganoids were doubtless largely amphibious. The group has appar- 

 ently early diftereutiated into the lung-bearing series, from which the 

 two orders of the Dipnoi and the Batrachia are descended, and the aquatic 

 series, in which the lung becomes degraded to a swim bladder, the last 

 being the ancestors of the true fishes. 



Subclass TELEOSTOMI. 



(The True Fishes.) 



Skeleton usually bony, sometimes cartilaginous. Skull with sutures; 

 membrane bones (opercle, preopercle, etc.) present; gill openings a single 

 slit on each side ; gills with their outer edges free, their bases attached 

 to bony arches, normally 4 pairs of these, the fifth pair beiug typically 

 modified into tooth-bearing lower pharyngeals; median and paired tins 

 developed, the latter with distinct rays. Ova small; no claspers. Heart 

 developed, divided into an auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb. Lungs 

 imperfectly developed or degraded to form a swim bladder, or entirely 

 absent. 



