NO. 3593 VICTORELLA — BANTA 15 



authors (Prenant and Bobin, 1956, p. 239; Soule, 1957, p. 28) have 

 commented on the similarities between the genera. In fact, there 

 seem to be only two criteria for distinguishing them: (1) the fresh or 

 brackish water environment of Vicforella (except V. argilla); (2) the 

 occurrence of zoecial budding from the apertural papilla in Vicforella 

 but not in Nolella. As Braem (1951, 11) has pointed out, however, 

 young colonies of V. pavida do not show budding of this sort. The 

 close relationship between Nolella and Vicforella was emphasized 

 by Soule (1957, p. 28), who places Vicforella in the NoleUidae. This 

 classification will be followed here, but it should be noted that this 

 scheme does not indicate the close relationship between the NoleUidae 

 and the Arachnidiidae. The family NoleUidae was placed in the 

 Division Stolonifera by Soule (1957, p. 27-28) on the basis of the order 

 of development of the apertural, parietal, and retractor muscles. As 

 hinted by Ryland (1958, p. 317), this makes the famUy the only mem- 

 ber of the Stolonifera to lack true stolons as defined by SUen (1944, 

 p. 28). Nolella apparently lacks true stolons (Soule, 1953, p. 737; 

 Rogick, 1949, p. 159) and Vicforella almost certainly does (Braem, 

 1951, pp. 10-12). 



In addition, V. argilla shows some links to Cryptopolyzoon evelinae 

 Marcus, 1942. Both are similarly committed to the incorporation of 

 foreign material, and both possess filiform processes, especially near 

 the aperture (Marcus, 1942, p. 478). Crypfopolyzoon difi'ers, however, 

 in the possession of a true gizzard (Dendy, 1888, pp. 6-7, pi. II: fig. 8), 

 a quadrangular aperture, the erect, dichotomously branching growth 

 habit, and other aspects. 



