10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 122 



posteriormost dorsal segmented ray well anterior to caudal fin base, 

 although bound by dorsal fin membrane to caudal peduncle or prox- 

 imal portion of caudal fin. Longest dorsal ray usually longer than 

 longest dorsal spine; posteriormost dorsal spine shortest dorsal ele- 

 ment, greatly reduced and frequently visible only on skeletal prepara- 

 tions and radiographs; posteriormost dorsal ray shortest. Interradial 

 membrane not incised between dorsal spines or between rays. First 

 anal spine inserted below level of fourth to second posteriormost dorsal 

 spine; posteriormost segmented anal ray inserted below level of third 

 to second posteriormost dorsal segmented ray, not bound to body. 

 Anal spines shorter than anal rays; interradial membrane incised up 

 to one-half distance to base between spines and between rays, except 

 for membrane between posteriormost 1-3 rays. Pectoral fin with 

 longest ray on lower half (usually fifth or sixth ray from bottom) ; 

 interradial membrane shallowly incised between lower 4-6 rays; lower 

 rays thicker, stronger, than upper rays. Pelvic fin spine not visible 

 externally, second from lateralmost ray longest, medialmost ray 

 shortest, membrane incised only between lateralmost two rays. All 

 fin rays, except central rays of caudal, normally simple, some ray tips 

 of the dorsal, anal or pel vies shallowly bifurcate in some large specimens 

 of some species. 



Tip of snout ventral and anterior to anteriormost margin of orbit; 

 gill opening complete, extending from one side to the other across the 

 ventral body surface; no thin, fleshy, well-elevated crest on top of 

 head; ventral margin of upper lip entire to completely crenulate 

 (entire in only two species) ; free dorsal margin of upper lip incomplete, 

 absent across snout. 



Sexual dimorphism. — Males: Anal papilla small, just posterior to 

 anus and anterior to first anal spine; both anal spines distinct, the 

 anterior slightly shorter than the posterior; skin of anal spines and as 

 many as four anteriormost rays becoming swollen, fleshy, rugose, or 

 plicate in presumably mature specimens. Flesh of dorsal portion of 

 head becoming thickened, swollen in appearance, sometimes forming 

 a low distinct fold medianly, never very prominent. Color pattern 

 frequently darker, frequently more uniform than that of females in 

 same collection. Supraorbital cirri frequently relatively longer than 

 cirri of females from same collection. Females: Anal papilla present, 

 included posteromedianly in a fleshy, posteriorly directed swelling 

 behind anus; swelling incorporating much reduced first anal spine 

 (frequently visible only in skeletal preparations or on radiographs) ; 

 first anal spine frequently visible in young females. Flesh of head not 

 thickened or swollen; head without median fold. 



Several of the taxa considered here (see E. .v. lighti, E. epalzeocheilus , 

 E. strasburgi, E.^ cadenati, E. t. longicirrus, and some populations 



