ART. 20. ICHlsrEUMON-FLIES OF TRIBE PANISCINI CUSHMAN. 21 



for all those species of the Linnean genus Ichneumon that have the 

 abdomen falcate, but in defining the genus we are obliged to con- 

 sider only the one species mentioned. 



The next mention of the genus was by Gravenhorst, who restricted 

 it to the species comprising what we now know as the genera Panis- 

 cus, Parahates, and OpJieltes, but not including Ichneumon Intern, which 

 he referred to Ophion and which has, since its fixation as such by Curtis 

 in 1836, been recognized as the genotype of Ophion. 



Gray, in an article on the hooks of the hind wing in Hymenoptera, 

 divided Gravenhorst's Paniscus into two genera, designating glau- 

 copterus as the type of Paniscus and inquinatus Gravenhorst as the 

 type of his new genus Neteleia, the latter genus being, therefore, what 

 we now know as Paniscus. 



Bucheclcerius Schulz and Paropheltes Cameron are, as has been 

 pointed out by Morley ", based on species of Paniscus. 



The fact that Ichneumon luteus is the only species mentioned by 

 Schrank in connection with Paniscus and is also the type of the genus 

 Ophion would seem to make necessary the synonymizing of Paniscus 

 with Ophion. But if it can be shown that a genus is based on speci- 

 mens rather than on a species, the type of the genus is the species rep- 

 resented by the specimens rather than the species named as type, 

 in the opinion of the International Commission on Nomenclature. 

 This, I think, can be done in the case of Paniscus. On an earlier 

 page (p, 262) of the same publication in which Paniscus was first 

 proposed Schrank discussed Ichneumon luteus and described the eggs 

 of Paniscus. At this place he also referred to three earlier publi- 

 cations, the first his own Enumeratio Insectorura Austriae (No. 750) ; 

 the second the German edition of DeGeer's Memoires pour Servir 

 a I'Histoire des Insectes (vol. 2, pt. 2, 1771, p. 170— p. 880 in original 

 edition — pi. 29, figs. 15-26) ; and the third Schaeffer's Icones Insec- 

 torum circa Ratisbonam Indigenorum (vol. 1, pt. 1, 1766, pi. 1, fig. 

 10). Between the first reference and the DeGeer reference occurs 

 the sign of equality. In other words, Schrank's idea of luteus was 

 the same as that of DeGeer. The latter author gives an excellent 

 account of the biology of what we know as Paniscus, and remarkably 

 good figures of the adult in both sexes, the egg, the larva, the egg 

 shell with exuvia attached, the cocoons, and details of the claws, 

 genitalia, and method of copulation. The figures of the adults were 

 drawn, DeGeer states, from specimens reared from the bundle of 

 cocoons figured. In short, the genus Paniscus of Schrank as restricted 

 by its only included species may be interpreted as having been based 

 on specimens studied and figured by DeGeer. The Schaeffer figure 

 is very poor, though, perhaps, somewhat more similar in its general 

 aspect to Ophion than to Paniscus. 



» Rev. Ichn. Brit. Mus., pt. 2, 1913, pp. 117, 123. 



