160 
NORTH AMERICAN NEPTICULIDAE 
the work of other writers, particularly Traegaardh^. Locomotor 
organs arc represented by mere roughened protuberances; such 
rudimentary feet are present on segments three and four, on 
segments six to eleven and sometimes on the last segment in 
A'epticula; in Ectoedemia there are sometimes one or two 
additional pairs of rudimentary processes. 
The cocoon is spun of dense brown or yellowish silk, flattened 
oval in general outline, but usually broader at its anterior end, 
around which a fissure extends, guarded by the smooth projecting 
edges of the two halves of the cocoon. Through this fissure the 
pupa is thrust at emergence. In some species, the flat projecting 
edges form a rim extending entirely around the cocoon. 
The pupa is flattened ovate; all the appendages are free and 
segmented; segments one to seven of the abdomen are free. The 
resemblance to the pupa of the primitive Eriocranianae has been 
pointed out by Miss IMosher in her paper on “A Classification of 
the Lepidoptera based on Characters of the Pupa. 
The moth is active almost immediately after emergence, running 
rapidly up and down the sides of the breeding jar, and in an 
incredibly short time has the full use of its wings. When at rest 
the wings lie almost horizontal, meeting in a line down the 
middle of the back. 
From the phylogenetic point of view, the Nepticulidae is proba- 
bly one of the most interesting and instructive groups of jMicro- 
lepidoptera, combining as it does, characters of acknowledged 
specialization with primitive, almost Trichopteran characters. 
A number of characters obviously ally this family to the Erio- 
cranid group of the Micropterygidae. Such characters are the 
primitive structure of the pupa in comparison to that of other 
Lepiiloptera, and its many points of resemblance to the Erio- 
cranid pupa, and the presence of the vestigial jugum, which can be 
discerned readily in females of Ectoedemia and Obrussa. 
The row of slightly curved spines near the costal margin of the 
hind wing of the female, which presses against or hooks onto a 
2 “Contributions toward the Comparative Morphology of the Trophi of the 
Lepidopterous Leaf-Miners” by Ivar Traegaardh; Arkiv for Zoologi, viii, 
no. 9, (1913), Stockholm. 
®Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., xii, art. 2, (1916). 
