VOL. XIV 

 1801 



■] PROCKKIUNGS OK TUK NATIONAL M(^SKIJM. fjCI!) 



otlicrs wlicM full <i:ro\vii and Just about to traiisf'onu to |iii|»;i'. Tliose 

 of \.]w latter class, mainly ptcroinaliries, issue from the impa' of tiie 

 host-insect, while the others destroy the host-larva before its transfi)r- 

 mation. 



The pupa itself is seldom attacked, yet certain of the ptcromalines 

 which ])referably oviposit in larva' about to transform will also lay 

 thi'ir ej;<;s in Just-formed ])npa'. The same is the case with certain 

 members of the genus (^lialvis, particularly those i>arasitic upon diurnal 

 Lej)idoi)tera, and I am not sure that G. fid vipes does not ovi|>osit by 

 l)reference on the fresh chrysalids of Cklorippc elyton and A(fn(iiUs 

 ranillw. 



The adult lei)idopteron is not parasitized. 1 have recorded (Pkh-. 

 Kntom. Soc. Washu., 1, !)o) the reariufj by Scudder of Ichneummt in- 

 sfahilis from the adult of Chionohns semidcfv, the egj; of the parasite hav- 

 in«i: evidentl>' been laid upon the chrysalis of the butterlly, but a similar 

 instance has never to my know!edj,'e been observed with a chalcidid. 



Kepresentatives of all families of Lepidoptera are attacked, the micros 

 more abundantly than the macros, while anu)ng the latter the Nncfiiithv 

 (except in the egg state) seem to be most exempt, doubtless frotn the 

 nocturnal habit of the larva' and from the fact that so many of thetii 

 buirow underground during the (hiy. The average chalcidid is essen- 

 tially a creature of sunshine and of air and is most active in the middle 

 of the day in the warm light of the sun. 



Among the llymeuoptera the Teiithredinifhc are parasitized in the 

 egg state by Trirhofirammn, as shown by Lintuer in the case of Ncmn- 

 tus rentricofiits, while their larvai are infested by species of the sub- 

 families Ptcromtdincc, Euryfnmitur. Tori/mituv, ?Jiilop/iitia\ and Entaio- 

 nina\ and a species of Vcrilampua is reported by Giraud as i)arasitizing 

 the r^uropean sawlly, .l///a//Vf spiiuxrnm. From the galls of Ci/nipitUv 

 are reared very many ehalcidids, those belonging to the subfamilies 

 T<>ri/min(V '.lud Eiiri/tuni i tur {Akiu'^ lirst rank in point of numbers. So 

 abundantly do species of these two subfamilies attack our commoner 

 oak galls that it is frequently a mattcir of great dilliculty to rear the 

 original gall maker. Then there are also several species </f the sub- 

 families Eupehniiia; Pterom<iUna\ Enctjrihuv^ Trtrastirhituv^ and Euloph- 

 in(C {'^enus Olin.i). The great number of widely <lilVering forms reared 

 from these galls and the fact that tlu'ir transformations are all ntider- 

 gone in secret in the interior of the gall make their interrelationships 

 a matter of great confusion. The TorifiniiKV and EmytomitKr an* pri- 

 mary parasites, although ^Vaehtl has thrown (loid)t upon one of tin' 

 former and Westvvood upon one of the latter, as I shall show in a fur- 

 ther paragraph. Nearly all of the others I am inclined to think are 

 secondary, but oidy the most carefully isolated rearings coui>led with 

 dissections of the galls at successive stages will enable us to settle 

 this <piestion, Oliiir is ('onsidere<l by Mayr to be ])rimary, but repre- 

 sentatives of all of the other subfamilies we know to be occasionally 

 hyperparasitic. 



