172 STRUCTURE OF HUMMING BIRd's TONGUE— LUCAS. 



It is worthy of remark tbattlie (J olden -winged Woodpecker {Colapte^ 

 aurnfus), a species witli unusually large salivary glands, employs its 

 tongue in this manner to extract ants from their abiding places. 



The principal muscles of the tongue are as follows : 



^erpU) hyoideufi. — Probably owing to my lack of skill in dissection 

 this muscle proved hard of detection, but although extremely delicate 

 it is ])robably always present. It was unusually well defined in one 

 specimen of Selnsphorus rufus. 



Mylo hyoideus. — Well develoi)ed, filling much more than two-thirds 

 of the si)ace between the rami of the jaw. 



iStylohyoideiis. — This large and important muscle arises at about the 

 junction of the frontal s with the preniaxillaries, and curves around the 

 skull external to the hyoid with its enveloping geniohyoideus. 



At the angle of the jaw it turns inward, passes below the geniohyoi- 

 deus, turns upward and outward to make a half turu arouud the epi- 

 branchial, and is continued along the outer side of this boue and the 

 ceratobranchial to the anterior point of attachment on the upper side 

 of the ceratobranchial. 



By this peculiar half turn around the epibranchial the pull of the 

 muscle is in a great measure transferred from the ceratobranchial to 

 that point. 



Geniohyoideus. — This muscle to a great extent underlies rather than 

 envelopes the epibranchial, and it is but little twisted around this boue. 

 As just stated, it passes above (dorsad) the stylohyoideus and becomes 

 free from the epibranchial just where stylohyoideus passes around the 

 epibranc^hial. The muscle is then continued to the symphysis of the 

 mandible. 



This arrangement of the stylo and genio hyoideus not only gives these 

 two muscles a remarkably long pull, enabling them to act with great 

 force, but also eases the strain on the long, slender epibranchial. 



Ceratoglossus. — This slender muscle arises at the posterior third of the 

 ei)il)ranchial and runs, as usual, to the basihyal. 



Tracheohyoidcn.s. — Although slender, this muscle is well defined, run- 

 uing from the uj)per part of the trachea, just below the arytenoid carti- 

 lage, to the basihyal. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. 



Fig. :?. Tongue of E-tlampis holosericus, enlarged. The membrane of the right eitlc 



is opened out, tliat of tlic left retains the spiral twist eomnionly seen. 

 4. AB'C", Sections through the sheath of theeeratohyals at CHA. Very greatly 



enlarged. From camera liicida drawings. 

 .^). Tip of tongue of Eulampis hoIoHericiia, left aide, from below, tlie membraue 



iM'ing flattened upon itself Greatly enlarged. From a camera luciila 



drawing. 



6. a. Tongue of nestling of Cuhjpte anntv X 0. b, Tip of same greatly enlarged, 



with the membrane curled inward as in nature. 



7. Head of Eulnmpis holoscrictis seen from below, slightly enlarged: <//i, geni- 

 ohyoideus ; »»i/i, mylohyoideus ; sth, styolohyoideus. 



