574 BIOLOGY OF CHALCIDIDiE HOWARD. 



oiElasmus as hyperparasites. The nongall-makers arc attacked in tlie 

 larva state by certain encyrtines and eupelmines and by a number of 

 genera of the true Pteromalides. The Tipulidae are also attacked by a 

 species of the subfamily Pteromalincv. Parasites of the Brachycera are 

 rare, the only ones worthy of note being two species of Smicra and 

 one of Monodontomerus which infest Stratiomys in Europe, according 

 to Giraud, but with the Asckiza they become more abundant, and from 

 species of Syrphidw are reared Bothriotliorax, Eacyrtus, and Eupelmus, 

 and very commonly Pachyneuron, while Giraud has reared a species of 

 Pteromalus from a Conops larva infesting a Bomhus. With the Muficidco 

 calyptratw, Laniprotatus and Pteromalus are reared from anthomyiid 

 puparia, Ghalcis is reared from Sarcophaga, Pachylarthus from Lucilia, 

 Bothriothorax, Entedon, and Pteromalus from Miisca, and the extremely 

 useful dipterous parasites of the family Tachinidw are attacked in the 

 larva state by certain species of Ghalcis, by Perilampus, by Pteromalus, 

 Eurytoma, and Monodontomerus. With the 31uscld(e acalyptratw the 

 gall-making Trypetidw liave practically the same chalcidid parasites as 

 the gall-making Gecidomyiidx. Those curious inhabitants of our west- 

 ern alkaline lakes belonging to the family Ephydridw are parasitized 

 by a species oi Pteromalus, specimens of which were sent to Dr. Kiley by 

 Mr. H. W. Turner, who reared them from puparia of Epliydra calif ornica 

 collected at Borax Lake, California. The Agromyzid(v are infested by 

 pteromalines of the tribes Michogastrides and Sphegigastrides, and the 

 Oscinidce are commonly parasitized by chalcidids of the subfamily 

 Entedonince. 



With the Orthoptera we have no chalcidid i)arasites except on the 

 eggs. The eggcases of certain Blattidce are parasitized in Europe by 

 Entedon hagoiowii, but this may be a secondary parasite on Evania ap- 

 pendigaster. In this country, however, the egg-cases of a Florida tree 

 cockroach are infested by a species of Eupelmus, specimens of which 

 have been received by Dr. Riley from Mr. Hubbard. The species of the 

 curious genus Podagrion, which possesses characters of both the Ghalci- 

 dime and Torymince, are invariably parasitic all over the world in the egg- 

 cases of the insects of the family Mantldcc wherever these occur and we 

 have in addition in this country a Eupelmus parasitic in the same egg 

 capsules, as has been shown by Ashmead (Proc. Ent. Soc. A. N. S. 

 Phila., 1885, XV). Among the Gryllidw the eggs of CEcanthus in the 

 United States are parasitized by a species of Eupelmus and by a si)ecies 

 of the eurytomine genus Ashmeadia, as shown by the notes of the 

 Division of Entomology. They are also infested by several proctotry- 

 pid parasites. Among the Locustidw the eggs of a species which ovi- 

 posits in pith in Europe are stated by Giraud to be Inhabited by a 

 species of Aplielinus., while in the United States the eggs of one or 

 more of the species of Katj'^dids are infested by Eupelmus mirabilis. 



Among the Neuroptera we know parasites of only the Myrmeleontidw 

 and the Memerobiidw. Myrmeleon in Europe is infested by Hybothorax 



