rulLM AND HABIT: THE TAIL. 25 



have formidable spurs on tlieir winp^s, wliicli tliey are 

 supposed to use in combat. 



Tlie Tall. — Except when sexually developed, the 

 shape of the tail is largely governed by the character 

 of its owner's flight. Male Lyre-birds, Pheasants, Fowls, 

 Hummingbirds, and many others furnish well-marked 

 instances of the tail as a sexual character. Indeed, as 

 the least im2-)ortant to the bird of the four external 

 organs we are speaking of, the tail is more often sexually 

 modified than any of the other three. 



The main office of the tail, however, is mechanical, to 

 act as a rudder in flight and a " balancer " when perch- 

 ing. Short-tailed birds generally fly in a straight course, 

 and can not make sharp turns, while long-tailed birds can 

 pursue a most erratic course, with marvelous ease and 

 grace. The Grebes are practically tailless, and their 

 flight is comparatively direct, but the Swallow- tailed 

 Kite, with a tail a foot or more in length, can dash to* 

 right or left at the most abrupt angle. 



Among tree-creeping birds, which always climb up- 

 ward, the tail is used as a brace or prop. This character, as 

 has been said, is possessed by all Woodpeckers, by the quite 

 different Woodhewers of South America, the Brown Creep- 

 ers of temperate regions, and other birds (see Figs. 3 and 4). 



The two middle feathers in the tail of the Motmot, 

 of the American tropics, end in a racket-shaped disk, the 

 result of a unique habit. Similarly shaped feathers are 

 found in the tails of some Hummingbirds and Old World 

 Kingfishers, l)ut in the Motmot this peculiar shape is due 

 to a self-inflicted mutilation. The newly grown feathers, 

 as shown in the accompanying figure, lack the terminal 

 disk, but as soon as they are grown, the birds begin to 

 pick at the barbs, and in a short time the shaft is de- 

 nuded, in some species for the space of an inch, in others 

 for as much as two inches. 



