May, 1932 



EVOLUTION 



Page nine 



of dogs, cats, tats, mice, horses, cattle, and other animals 

 closely associated with man. Protozoa that live in man are 

 practically unknown among wild animals. 



The significance of this situation is made clear when the 

 parasites of nearly related animals are compared. Suffice it 

 to state that the more closely related animals are according 

 to their arrangement in the animal series on the basis of 

 organic evolution, the more nearly similar are their protozoan 

 parasites. We know this to be true. These facts can be 

 stated in another way, namely, the more alike the protozoan 

 parasites of two species of animals are, the more nearly are 

 the two species related. Hence the extraordinary situation as 

 regards the protozoan parasites of man and monkeys noted 

 above can lead to but one conclusion, and that is, that man is 

 more closely related to monkeys than to any other type of 



lower animal. The data obtained from our studies of proto- 

 zoan parasites thus add very important evidence of the kinship 

 of monkeys and man to that already supplied by anatomy and 

 embryology. 



Those who wish further information on this subject are referred 

 to the following books and magazine articles. 



The evolutionary significance of the protozoan parasites of mon- 

 keys and man. By Robert Hegner. Quarterly Review of Biology, 

 Vol. Ill, June 1928, pp. 225-244. 



A comparative study of the intestinal protozoa of wild monkeys 

 and man. By Robert Hegner and H. J. Chu. American Journal of 

 Hygiene, Vol. XII. July 1930, pp. 62-108. 



Protozoology. A reference book in two volumes by C. M. 

 Wenyon. 1926. 



Human Protozoology. By Robert Hegner and W. H. Taliaferro. 

 1924. 



These drawings were all made from specimens that had been fixed on glass slides and stained with haematoxylin. They are greatly enlarged. 



7 



Protozoan parasites that do not 

 occur in both man and monkeys. 

 — 1. Troglodytella, a ciliate that 

 lives in the large intestine of 

 monkeys but not of man. 

 — 2. Isospora hominis, a cocci- 

 dium from the small intestine of 

 man, but not yet reported from 

 monkeys. 



— 3. Babesia parasites like those 

 foimd in the red blood corpusc- 

 les of monkeys but not in man. 



EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 



Flagellates that occur in both man and monkeys. 



— 1. Trichomonas, similar to species that occur in the mouth, 

 large intestine and vagina. It is not known for certain whether these 

 flagellates are harmful or not. 



— 2. Chilomastix, an inhabitant of the large intestine. Its patho- 

 genicity is doubtful. 



— 3. Giardia, a flagellate that lives in the small intestine and prob- 

 ably sometimes gives rise to "flagellate diarrhea". 



— 4. Trypanosome flagellates that cause African sleeping sickness. 



— 5. Embadomonas, a harmless inhabitant of the large intestine. 



— 6. Leishmania, a flagellate causing kala-azar and oriental sore. 



Protozoan parasites that occur 

 both in man and monkeys. 

 — 1. Endamaeba coli, an amoeba 

 from the large intestine. 

 — 2. Balantidium coli, a ciliate 

 that lives in the large intestine 

 where it brings about a type of 

 dysentery. 



— 3. A malarial parasite within 

 a red blood corpuscle. 

 — 4. Spores of sarcosporidia ob- 

 tained from muscle tissue. 



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