118 JOURNAL OF THE 



as bacteria he called them ^' bakterolds.^^ He retrarcled the *' bak- 

 teroids'' as reserve material which at fruiting time was absorbed 

 by the plant. Su})|)orters of this view were found in Schindler,'*' 

 Tschircht and others. Many observers have noticed in these 

 phismic "strands'^ or fungal hyph?e (hyphenpilzen) minute rod- 

 like bodies very closely resembling bacteria. These were first 

 called bacteria by Beijerink^;|l who regarded ihe plasmic strands 

 in which they were found as the remains of nuclear division in 

 the cells of the tul>ercle. Ward§ regarded these *' strands'' or 

 ^' hyphse" with their contained rod-like bodies as fungi in some 

 respects resembling the smuts, or Ustilaginece. Vuillemin|| also 

 believed the tubercles to be caused by a fungus, but classed it 

 with the Chytridiacecv, with affinities for the genus Cladochy- 

 trium, and he named it CI. tuber culo&imi. He claims to have 

 studied the sporangia and zoospores. Prazmowski^ first con- 

 sidered the tubercles to be caused by a parasitic fungus in some 

 stages resembling Plasmodiophora Brassicce, Wor., but after later 

 researchesllll he comes to the conclusion that the organisms in 

 question are bacteria. 



One of the most interesting of recent views, and that held by 

 Prazmowski, AVard, Vuillemin (/. c.) and others, supported also 

 by the best experimental evidence, is that certain microorgan- 

 isms, either fungi of a very simple organization or bacteria, by 

 an endoparasitism produced the abnormal growths, and for a 

 time live at the exj)ense of the host plant, but being locked 



*Ue.Jier die biologische Bedeutiiiig der WurzelUnolIchen bei den Papilionaceen. Jour, 

 f. Landwirth. Henneberg, XXXI 1 1, pp. 825— 33C). 



Ab-straet in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXVII, pp. 108,109,1880. 



fBeitrage zur Kenntniss der Wnrzelknollehen der Papilionaceen. Bericht. d. Deut- 

 sohen bot. Ge.<«elischaft, Bd. V, 1887. Cited by Sorauer, Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXI, p. 

 308. 



JDie Papilionaceeniinollchen, Bot. Zeit., p. 726, 1888. Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. 



XXXVIII, No. I, pp. 458, 45!J, 1889. 



§0n the tubercular swellings on the roots of Vicia Faba. Philosophical transactions, 

 Roy. Soc. London, Vol. 178, B, pp. 5.39-5G2, 1887. Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. 

 XXXIV, p. 305, 188S. 



||Les tubercles radicaux des Legumineuses. Ann. des. Sc. agron. franc, et etrang. 8°, 

 p. 96, 1888. Ab.stract in Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. XL, pp. 123—125, 1889. 



^Ueher die Wurzelknollchen der Leguminosen, But. Centralblatt, Bd. XXXVI, pp. 

 215—219, 248—255, 280—285, 1888. 



lilJO istocie i znaczeuiu biologicnem brodawek Korzoniowych grochu. Bericht aus den 

 Sitzungen der k. k. Akademie der Wissen-chaften in Krakaii, Juni, 1880. Das Wesen 

 und bidlogisclie Bedeutung der Wurzelknollchea der Erbse, Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. 



XXXIX, pp. 350—362, 1889. 



