440 APPENDIX. 



SylvicoUdce or imrhlers (§ 9). Young students will find the 

 young of this family very confusing, from their frequent simi- 

 larity one to another, and their abundance during the fall-mi- 

 grations. It is best to study warblers in the spring, and to 

 avoid immature birds until the differences between their parents 

 are mastered. The young of those species, not further men- 

 tioned, either resemble the females or the males also, or are 

 characterized by indistinct markings and impure colors, such 

 as greenish-blue, yellowish-white, etc. Hehninthophacia celata 

 is " often difficult to distinguish in immature plumage ; but a 

 general oliveness and yelloumess, compared with the ashy of 

 some parts of rtijicajnlla, and the different color of the crown- 

 patch in the two species, will usually be diagnostic." (Coues.) 

 The young male of the "Black-throated Blue" {Dendroeca 

 cceridescens) resembles the adult male, but the colors are im- 

 pure, and the black restricted. The immature " Yellow-rumps" 

 (D. coronata) are common during both migrations. Their col- 

 oration varies from an imperfect full dress to the following ex- 

 treme. Beneath, white or whitish, with slender streaks ; above, 

 chiefly brown, with more or less yellow, especially on the rump 

 (which is concealed by the wings when closed). The other 

 young Dendroeccn with j^ellow rumps are macidosa (Black and 

 Yellow Warbler) and tigrina^ (Cape Ma}' Warbler). The 

 former have more or less distinct (and pure ?) j'ellow beneath, 

 " smcdl tail-spots near the middle of all the feathers except the 

 central ;" and are rather gray above. Tiie latter are greenish 

 above. The young Yellow " Red-poll " (Z>. jyalmarnm) , with a 

 yellowish rump, has the " tailspots at very end of inner webs of 

 two outer pairs of tail feathers only, and cut squarely off — a pecu- 

 liarity distinguishing the species in any plumage." (Coues.) 

 Of the Bay-breasted Warbler {D. castanea) the j'oung " so 

 closely resemble young striata [" Black-poll"], that it is some- 

 times impossible to distinguish them with certainty. Tiie upper 

 parts, in fact, are of precisely the same greenish-olive, with 

 black streaks ; but there is generally a difference below — casta- 

 nea being there tinged with bufly or ochrey, instead of the 

 clearer pale yellowish of striata; this shade is particularly ob- 

 servable on the belly, flanks and under tail coverts, just where 

 striata is whitest ; and moreover, castanea is usually not streaked 

 on the sides at all." (Coues.) The young Blackburnian War- 

 bler is not unlike these, though sufficient!}' like the female to 

 be distinguishable. The other species require no notice, unless 



• Properly Perissoglossa tigrina. 



