NO. 2100. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS— HOLLISTER. 



189 



to President Roosevelt by Emperor Menelik of Abyssinia and died 

 in the Washington Zoo. All the characters of skin and skull point 

 to a life-long captivity. The skin shows a long, full mane which 

 connects from the neck with the elbow tuft. The colors are almost 

 exactly as in the McMillan male longest in captivity, except that the 

 mane is slightly darker and is curly instead of straight haired. 

 Black manes and curly manes are individual variations found in 

 males of equal age from one locality. One male massaica collected 

 by Dr. W. L. Abbott has a much blacker mane than the Menelik 

 lion. 



An old male lion from Sir Francis Reginald Wingate, Omdurman, 

 Sudan, which died in the Washington Zoo, is of the same type and 

 shows all the characteristic evidence of a long life in captivity. The 

 mane extends in a curly mass from the withers on to the shoulders, 

 but does not connect between the neck and elbow tuft; it is largely 

 black. This skin exhibits small tufts of hair on each side of the 

 lower belly, like the McMillan male number 197944. 



In a large series of leopard skulls in the collection a single speci- 

 men is from a park-reared animal. It can instantly be selected from 

 the series by a blindfolded person familiar with the characteristic 

 shape of the bone in the zygomatic arch of the McMillan lions. 

 Wolves born and reared in the Washington Zoo from parents of 

 known history show the same characteristic shapes of these bones 

 when compared with wild-killed animals of the same subspecies. 

 The differences are much less in the wolf, however, than in the great 

 cats. 



No changes in the teeth have been noted in the park-reared animals 

 of any species, although the teeth of the McMillan lions do actually 

 average slightly less in size than in wild-killed animals. The varia- 

 tion, shown in the following table, is so slight as to be of little con- 

 sequence without further data: 



Dental measurements of adult Felis leo massaica. 



Locality. 



Wild-killed males. 



Kapiti Station 



Do 



XJlu Station 



Ulukenia Hills 



Nairobi 



Laikipia Plateau 



McMillan mxdes. 



mm. 

 40.0 X 19.9 

 37.8X19.2 

 37.8X18.8 

 41.5X21.1 

 39.3X18.9 

 38.0X19.1 



35.8X18.1 

 37.9X19.7 



Second upper 

 premolar. 



irvm. 

 27.5X13.5 

 27.2X13.7 

 26.7X13.9 

 28.5 X 15.4 

 27.3X14.0 

 27.3X12.1 



24.0X13.4 

 25.8X13.0 



Lower molar. 



mm. 

 28.6X15.3 

 28.7X14.5 

 28.5X14.2 

 28.9X15.3 

 28.8X14.5 

 27.7X13.6 



28.2X13.9 

 27.6X14.7 



