THE ALIMENTARY TRACT. 289 



striation : Funke offered no explanation of the fact, while KoUiker considered it due to 

 the presence of fine tubules. Later Funke gave a modified support to Kiilliker s view 

 by admitting the presence of tubules around the circumferential part of the border. 

 1S56. Bonders gave a description corresponding with that of Henle. 



1857. Brettauer and Steinach gave it as the result of their investigations that the 

 border was composed of closely-applied fine rods : v. Wittich first showed tha,t the 

 borders of adjacent cells were more firmly attached than the rest of the cell ; he 

 admitted the presence of apertures, but considered the whole appearance to be due 

 to post-mortem changes. 



Welcker and Friedreich agreed with the views of Brettauer and Steinf.ch, but 

 traced the striation throughout the length of the cells, in fact traced the tubules to 

 the connective-tissue below. 



1858. In this year Heidenlip.in published his results; he held the striation to be 

 due to the presence of fine rods, and was the first to show that processes of the con- 

 nective-tissue corpuscles passed up between the epithelial cells; he found fat globules 

 in the epithelial cells, in the connective-tissue, and in the lacteals. 



Friedreich described the striation as continued through the whole length of the 

 cells, and as due to tubules. 



1 859. Lambl denied the presence of the rods, and considered the whole phenomenon 

 an optical appearance due to the cell-wall ; in this view he was supported by Vlako- 

 vich of Padua and Aniici of Florence. 



i860. Wiegandt held the border to be an independent covering, and the striation 

 to be due to folding or wrinkling. 



Col. Ealogh described the border as formed of rods, but denied that these existed 

 except when brought about by the action of fats ; in support of this view he showed 

 that the striation was wanting when fat was absent. 



1865. Lipsky held the border to be composed of rods. 



1866. Henle described the cells as in his former work, but now held the border 

 to be composed of rods, in fact to represent a ciliated border. 



1867. Erdmann described the border as being of two layers, an upper, thicker 

 layer, with both longitudinal and transverse striation, and a lower, thinner layer, 

 the true cell-wall. The upper layer he described as capable of splitting in the di- 

 rections of both striations. 



Schultze described the border as not being in intimate connection with the proto- 

 plasm of the ceU. Arnstein and Wiegpaidt supported Heidenhain's description. 



1868. Albini e Eenzoni described the part as resembling resting cilia. 



1869. Eimer traced fat-globules into all the parts, ejiiithelium, connective-tissue, and 

 vessels ; and held that the fat could pass from a lacteal to a branch of the Vena porta. 



1870. Heidenhain, after further investigation, supported his earlier views. 



1874. Thanhoffer described the membrane as perforated, and the protoplasm of the 

 cells as actively sending protoplasmic processes through these apertures ; this he had 

 seen in frogs in which all connection with the spinal nerves had been severed. 



1875. Benjamins could not find the striation to be a constant occurrence, and failed 

 to find the processes described by Thanhofiier. 



1876. Krause found rod-like bodies round the margin of the border. 



1877. Fortunatow supported Thanofl'er's view. 



1881. Landois observed appearances in Spelerpes fuscus, which led him to sup- 

 port Thanoffer's views. 



1883. Wiedersheim supported Thanhoffer's views. 



1884. Wiemer supported Thanhoffer's observations. 



1885. Paneth failed to find any contractile protoplasmic processes, and asserts that 

 the circumference of the border, when examined under certain conditions, is com- 

 posed of rods. 



From the same causes the goblet- or chalice-cells, already mentioned, have been 

 the subject of much speculation and investigation. 



1846. Frerichs drew and described these cells as empty cells. 



In 1848 these cells were first described as epithelium capitatum by Gruby and 

 Delafond. 



U 



