(ILANDS CONNECTED WITH THE INTESTINAL CANAL. 



295 



so marks off a more or less well-marked fourth lobe. The 

 anterior portion of the left lobe is attached to the corresponding 

 portion of the rig-ht lobe by a narrow commissure. 



The median lobe (X^) es- p- ^ 



tends backwards as far as the 

 pylorus, and covers the com- 

 mencement of the intestine 

 together with the pancreas ; 

 these organs can, therefore, 

 not be seen until this lobe 

 is displaced. A fifth lobe is 

 sometimes found on the dorsal 

 surface of the median lobe, 

 and to it or to the dorsal sur- 

 face of the median lobe the 

 small intestine is attached by 

 the Ligamentttm hepato-duode- 

 nale (Fig. 195 Lhp). The 

 V ena ]}ortarnm enters the liver 

 behind this ligament. 



The right lobe extends much 

 further dorsalwards than the 

 left lobe, and even comes in 

 contact with the lung, the 

 vessels of which sometimes indent its surface in spirit specimens. 

 This lobe is also in contact with the base of the fat-body, and in 

 females with the oviduct. 



By drawing the lobes of the liver to either side and displacing 

 the heart towards the head, the posterior caval vein is seen passing 

 from the liver to the heart, and the hepatic commissure joining the 

 lateral lobes is brought into view. 



(2) The gall-bladder (Fig. 195 6) is placed on the dorsal surface 

 of the liver in the deep niche between the right and left lobes ; it 

 is attached to the liver by connective-tissu^ and peritoneum. 



The gall-bladder is round or oval in form ; when moderately full 

 it has a smooth, outer wall, which is thin and allows the green colour 

 of the bile to be seen. It possesses a duct {l)cy), the cystic duct 

 [I)i(chis c7/sticus), which bifurcates near its origin. 



The two cystic ducts (Fig. 195 Bc^) join the larger hepatic 

 ducts, as shown in the figure, and so form a simple anas- 



The liver, seen from the ventral siirface. 



Du Duodenum. 



// Heart. 



L Left lobe of liver. 



Zl Right lobe of liver. 



i2 Middle lobe of liver. 



M stomach. 



