xliv INTRODUCTION 



of waterfowl. The high hills west of the city are less prolific. The 

 heavy forest is cleared in places, offering homes for such species as 

 white-crowned sparrows, juncos, and wrens, while the woodpeckers 

 and forest-loving species dwell in the undisturbed parts of the region, 

 which is as wild as a hundred years ago. Here also is found the 

 russet-backed thrush nesting in the thickets and deep ravines. 



Colymhus nigricoUis calif orniciis : Eared Grebe. — Rather common on the 

 ponds along the Columbia. 



Podilymbus podiceps : Pied-billed Grebe. — Common with the eared grebe. 



Gavia imber : Loon. — Seen only as a migrant. 



Larus glaucescens : Glaucons-wiiiged Gull. — Five species of gull are seen 

 along the river during the winter, but the glaucous-winged is the com- 

 monest. 



Larus argentatus : Herring Gull. 



Larus californicus : California Gull. 



Larus delaivarensis : Ring-billed Gull. 



Larus brachyrhynchus : Short-billed Gull (?). 



Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinatus : White-crested Cormorant. — In the 

 winter a species is found on the river about Portland, which is probably 

 the white-crested, but as no specimens have been taken I am in doubt 

 about it. 



Merganser serrator : Red-breasted Merganser. — A common winter visitor. 



Lophodytes cucullatus : Hooded Merganser. — A winter visitant, less com- 

 mon than the red-breasted. 



Anas boschas : Mallard. — Very common. 



Chaulelasmus streperus : Gadwall. — The gadwall and the baldpate are 

 about equally common, but less so than most of the ducks found. 



Mareca americana : Baldpate. 



Spatula clypeata : Shoveller. — Common during fall and wintero 



Dajila acuta : Pintail. — Common during fall and winter. 



Aix si:>onsa : Wood Duck. — Common summer resident. A few winter 

 about Portland. 



Aythya americana : Redhead. — Common in fall and winter. . 



Aythya vallisneria : Canvas-back. — Common in fall and winter. 



Chen hyperborea : Lesser Snow Goose. — One or more species of snow 

 geese are common. During mild winters all the ducks and geese are 

 apt to winter about Portland, but a hard season drives them south. 



Anser albifrons gavibeli : White-fronted Goose. — Common migrant. 



Branta canadensis minima : Cackling Goose. — Two or more races of 

 canadensis are common, but the only species I have taken is the cack- 

 ling goose. 



Olor columbiamis : Whistling Swan. — Not uncommon migrant and winter 

 resident. 



Ardea herodias : Great Blue Heron. — Common in summer ; a few winter. 



Ardea virescens : Green Heron. — A few herons seen, probably of this 

 species. 



Grus canadensis : Little Brown Crane. — Common fall migrant, but very 

 rare in spring. 



Ballus virginianus : Virginia Rail. — Like the sora, more or less common, 

 nesting in wet bottoms. 



Porzana Carolina : Sora. 



Fulica americaria : Coot. — Not very abundant ; nests. 



