PASSERES— PAiUD^ 77 



p. atricapillus bianchii (Sarudny and Hiirms). Resembles 

 "borcalis" but redder grey above; bill short and thick; flanks 

 more buff. 



Known only as a winter visitor to Pskov, Russia. 



P. atricapillus montanus Baldenstein. Larger than all other 

 forms, darker and browner than "borealis" and crown more 

 mixed with brown. Wing (^ 65-70 (H.). 



Rcside7it. — W. Alps, Switzerland. 



P. atricapillus elenae (Lowe). In size like "montanus" but 

 darker. Crown deep dull black, black of throat more extensive, 

 upper parts dark smoky grey with an olive brown tinge. 



AVj/V/tv//.— N.W. Italy (Val Tournanche). 



P. atricapillus baicalensis Swinhoe. Nearest " borealis " but 

 back paler and greyer. Wing ^ 65-70. 



Resident. — N.E. Russia and through Siberia east to Japan, 



Aegithalus. 



Bill short and thick ; tail long, graduated ; plumage very 

 soft ; sexes much alike ; habits as in " Parus " ; nest oval, 

 entrance on side near top, in bush or against trunk of tree ; 

 eggs white, faintly dotted red. 



Aegithalus caudatus caudatus (L.). Long-tailed 

 Tit. Fr. Mesange a longue queue ; Ger. Schwanzmeise ; Ital. 

 Codi bugnolo ; Swed. Stjiirtmes. 



^ 9 Head white, hind neck, middle line of back and upper 

 tail coverts black ; scapulars and rump rosy ; secondaries white 

 on outer web ; beneath pure white, tinged rose on flanks and 

 under tail coverts. Bill, legs and feet black. Wing ^ 62-68, 

 9 62-67. Tail 88-100. Tarsus 16-18. Bill 4-5. Young: above 

 dark brown, centre of crown white; beneath dull white, vinous 

 on abdomen and flanks. 



Breeds. — Scandinavia to near Arctic Circle, N. and C. Russia 

 south to Ufa and Orenburg, E. and C. Germany, and N. Siberia. 

 Chiefly resident ; occurs in winter to Rumania and Caucasus, 

 rarer in Belgium and France. Casual in Britain. 



A. caudatus europaeus (Hermann). White confined to centre 

 of crown and spotted with brown ; on each side more or less 



