76 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



p. palustris dresseri vStejneger. Back darker and more rusty 

 brown ; flanks widely tinged with bright buff; rather smaller. 

 Wing S S9-(^S, ? 59-62. 



Resident. — British Isles ; rare in Scotland and Ireland. 



P. palustris italicus Tschusi and Hellmayr. Nearest to 

 " communis" but redder on upper parts, flanks, and sides of neck. 

 Resident. — Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia. 



Parus atricapillus. Willow Tit. Typical form is 

 American. 



P. atricapillus salicarius Brehm. Differs from " P. palustris" 

 in having no gloss on the black of head and throat, black extends 

 further down on throat ; back greyer and mixed with rufous ; tail 

 graduated, outer tail feathers shorter than others. Bill and legs 

 as in "palustris." Wing $ 59-65, $ 57-60 (H.). Tarsus 16-17. 

 Bill 7-8. 



Resident. — Germany, Austria to the spurs of Alps. 



P. atricapillus rhenanus Kleinschmidt. Very near "sali- 

 carius " but upper parts duller ; face and ear coverts buffy white. 

 Wing averages shorter, ^ 58-63 (H.). 



Residejit. — Rhine Valley, north from Mainz to Holland and 

 Belgium and west over France. 



P. atricapillus kleinschmidti Hellmayr. Darker and browner 

 than "rhenanus," underparts rather redder, ear coverts more buff. 

 Wing S 58-62, ? 56-60. 



Resident. — Scotland and England. 



P. atricapillus borealis Selys-Longchamps. Above light grey 

 brown, underparts whiter, crown sometimes brown tinged ; face, 

 ear coverts, and sides of neck pure white. Wing ^ 63-68, 

 9 60-63. Tarsus 16-18. 



Resident. — Scandinavia to N. Russia, Baltic Provinces and E. 

 Prussia. In winter, south as far as Poland and Orenburg. 



P. atricapillus assimilis Brehm. Like "borealis" but crown 

 browner and bill longer and more slender ; underparts more buff 

 as in "rhenanus." Wing ^ 66-69, 9 63-65 (H.). 



Reside7it. — Carpathian and Transylvanian Alps ; Mountains of 

 Bosnia, Serbia, and Montenegro. 



