74 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



p. ater moltchanovi Menzbier. \^ery near typical "ater" 

 but back paler bluish grey, flanks almost uniform with abdomen. 

 Bill longer, lo. 



Resident. — Mountains S. Crimea. 



P. ater prageri Hellmayer. Back dull grey more or less 

 washed olive ; rump and upper tail coverts brownish, inner 

 flanks only rusty buft". Bill short and thick. Wing $ 66-70, 

 $ 64-66 (H.). 



Resident. — N. Caucasus. 



Parus cristatus cristatus L. Crested Tit. Fr. 

 Mesange huppee ; Ger. Haubenmeise ; Ital. Cincia col ciuflb ; 

 Swed. Tofsmes. 



^ 5 Above brown wath slight grey shade ; crown crested, 

 black with broad white margins ; face and sides of neck white, 

 mottled slightly black ; a black crescentic band from behind eye, 

 enclosing ear coverts ; throat black, joined to black band from 

 nape crossing sides of neck ; beneath white, flanks tinged buff. 

 Bill black. Legs and feet leaden blue. Wing (^ 62-67, ? 

 59-65 (W.). Tarsus 18. Bill 7-8. 



Resident. — Scandinavia, C. and N. Russia to about 

 64°, Baltic Provinces, south to Carpathians ; occasional in 

 Caucasus. 



P. cristatus mitratus Brehm. Back browner than in "cris- 

 tatus,'^ the greyish tinge replaced by rusty ; white of head tinged 

 buff; flanks more rufous buff. 



Resident. — Continental Europe from Denmark and Germany 

 (except E. Prussia), south to Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mountains 

 (N. Spain), Mountains of C. Europe, N. Italy, Balkan Peninsula, 

 Rumania. 



P. cristatus scoticus Prazak. Back much darker, more olive 

 brown ; flanks browner. Smaller. Wing $ 60-65, ? 58-64. 

 Resident. — Scotland (Spey Valley and E. Ross). 



P. cristatus weigoldi Tratz. Back intermediate in colour 

 between "mitratus" and "scoticus"; smaller than "scoticus." 

 Wing S 57-63, $ 56-59. 



Resident. — Spain (except extreme north) and Portugal. 



