66 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



C. familiaris corsa Hartert. Rather larger than " macro- 

 dactyla/' bill longer and streaks on back more sharply marked. 

 Bill S I5-5-I6.5, ? I5-I5-5 (H.)- 



Reside7it. — Corsica. 



C. familiaris caucasica Buturlin. Under side less pure white, 

 bill and legs darker, and bill and tail longer than in "familiaris." 

 Bill 14-17. Tail 67-72 (H.). 



Resident. — Caucasus. 



C. familiaris buturlini Banjkovski. Is said to differ from 

 typical form by longer bill and more intense colour of upper 

 tail coverts ; and from " caucasica ^' by its lighter colour 

 (white and rufous) of upper parts and paler rufous upper 

 tail coverts and base of tail. Wing ^ 64-66. Tail 68-69. 

 Bill 18-19 (H.). 



Resident. — C r imea. 



Certhia brachydactyla brachydactyla Brehm. 



Above darker, less rufous and rump darker than in " C. f. 

 familiaris" or " C. f. britannica"; abdomen and flanks reddish 

 tinged ; under wing coverts usually marked with dusky at base 

 of first primary ; under surface dirty white ; outer web of 4th 

 primary with distinct rusty yellow spot. Bill $ i5-5"i9-5) ? 

 1 3- 5- 16-5 (H.). Culmen darker almost black. Hind claw short, 

 7-5 m.m. 



Resident. — Holland, Belgium, France, Switzerland, below 1000 

 feet, C. and S. Germany especially in W., Austria. 



C. brachydactyla ultramontana Hartert. Darker than 

 typical, hardly any rufous except on lower back, rump and upper 

 tail coverts ; less red on flanks. 



Resident. — S. Europe ; Portugal and Spain, S. France, Italy, 

 S. Dalmatia, Greece. 



The Portuguese form has been named "lusitanica" (on 

 account of streaks on head being finer) but does not appear 

 separable. 



C. brachydactyla mauritanica Witherby. Close to "ultra- 

 montana " but a darker bird, more mixed with black ; darker 

 rufous on the rump and pale streaks fewer and more buff. 



Resident. — Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. 



