64 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



(^ adult, summer. Forecrown, face, sides of neck, and 

 underparts white ; occiput, nape, throat and chest black, the two 

 latter separated from the black occiput and nape by white ; 

 upper parts pale grey, wing coverts and secondaries with pale 

 tips and margins. Winter : throat white, with a crescentic black 

 band across breast. Bill, legs and feet black. Wing (^ 86-96, 

 9 81-90. Tarsus 22-25. ^Jl^ 10-12. $ as (^ but in summer 

 back browner, chin and throat less black and mixed with white, 

 black of crown mixed with grey ; in winter forehead grey, chin 

 and throat dusky white, breast band not so deep black. Young : 

 brownish grey above ; beneath white with yellow tinge ; crescent 

 band on chest dark brown. 



Breeds, — Continental Europe north to Iceland, Finmark, and 

 N. Russia ; east to Urals, south to Mediterranean. In Britain 

 chiefly on passage but occasionally breeds. Migratory ; winters 

 in S. Europe, N. Africa, Madeira, Canaries, and farther south. 



M. alba dukhunensis Sykes. Like typical form but back 

 clearer grey, white on crown extends farther back, outer webs 

 of greater and median wing coverts generally whiter. 



A Siberian breeding race, whose range extends west to 

 Caucasus, Volga and Urals. In E. Russia intermediates between 

 this and typical "alba" are found ("intermedia'' of Domaniewski), 



M. alba personata Gould. Like typical "alba" but black of 

 throat and neck united, ear coverts black. 



Breeds. — S.W. Asia. Occurred once England. 



M. alba subpersonata Meade Waldo. Like typical form 

 but lores black, black of throat partly united to that of crown, 

 a white patch being left on sides of neck. 



Resident. — Morocco (Wadi Moor-bey). 



Motacilla yarrelli Gould. Pied Wagtail. 



^ adult, summer. Resembles " M. alba " but back as well 

 as nape and crown black ; rump black (in both sexes after 

 first moult) ; flanks slaty grey. Bill, legs and feet black. In 

 winter : black on back mixed with grey, on forebreast a black 

 crescentic band. Wing ^ 84-93, ? 82-89. Tarsus 23-25. Bill 

 10-12. $ is like (^ but in summer black on breast not so 

 extensive and back greyer ; in winter, back greyer, flanks less 



