PASSERES— MOTACILLID.E 63 



,£ summer. Crown and upper parts ashy with olive tinge, 

 ohve yellow on rump and upper tail coverts ; eyebrow and malar 

 stripe white ; beneath yellow ; chin and throat black with or 

 without white tips ; outer tail feathers white, next two pairs 

 inner web and tip white, outer web black. Bill blackish, paler 

 below at base. Legs and feet fleshy brown. Winter : eye-stripe 

 buft* chin and throat pale buff, breast tinged ochreous. Wing 

 (^ 80-88, $ 78-85. Tail S 98-104, 9 94-104. Tarsus 20-21. 

 Bill 11-13. 9 like ^ but in summer chin and throat never so 

 black and breast tinged ochreous ; in winter breast more buff 

 and below breast paler yellow. 



Breeds. — From S. Sweden, C. and S. Russia, south of Gulf of 

 Finland and British Isles through C. and S. Europe ; also Atlas 

 Mountains, N.W. Africa ; W. Canary Islands, and Asia Minor. 

 Accidental in Denmark and Faroes. Migratory in N. Europe, 

 occurs in Egypt on passage and in winter, and in winter in 

 E. and W. Africa. 



M. cinerea melanope Pallas. Tail on average shorter, 88-99 ; 

 in winter plumage, yellow often very intense and darker than 

 in typical form. 



An Asiatic race, whose breeding range extends west to 

 Caucasus and Mountains of Perm and Ufa. 



The length of tail on which " melanope " is chiefly founded 

 is not very constant, but a character (shared also by a specimen 

 from Canary Islands), which is more reliable is that in "melanope " 

 the shaft of the outer tail feather is brown in the middle (6 

 specimens examined), while in typical "cinerea" it is entirely 

 white (17 specimens examined) ; 2 birds (one an autumn migrant 

 from St Kilda and one a spring migrant from Fair Isle) were 

 the only European specimens with brown on the shaft of that 

 feather. 



M. cinerea schmitzi Tschusi. Above darker and greyer ; 

 lores black ; ear coverts very dark ; eyebrow and malar stripe 

 indefinite or absent. 



Reside7it. — Madeira and Azores. 



Motacilla alba alba L. Wmme Wac.taii,. Fr. 

 Lavandicre ; Ger. Wcisse Bachstelzc ; Ital. Ballerina ; Siccd. 

 Ringarla. 



