PASSERES— ALAUDII).^: 47 



(^ 9 adult. Above greyish brown, centre of feathers 

 dark ; beneath biiffy white or reddish buff with dark streaks or 

 spots on foreneck and breast ; under wing coverts and inner 

 webs of primaries reddish, outer tail feathers brown with slight 

 rufous tinge. Bill horn colour above, lighter below. Legs and 

 feet straw, ist primary 2-4 m.m. shorter than primary coverts. 

 Wing (^ 105-110, $ 97-109 (H.). Tarsus 25-28. Bill 14-17. 

 V'oung are spotted above with small white and brownish 

 spots. 



Resident. — Europe from S. Sweden to S. France, Italy, 

 Balkans, and S. Russia. Absent from Sardinia and Corsica. 

 Very rare visitor to Britain. 



G. cristata tenuirostris Brehm. Rather greyer than typical 

 form. Bill very slender. 



Resident. — S. Russia to Rumania. 



G. cristata caucasica Taczanowski. Upper parts with very 

 grey tinge as if powdered, especially in fresh plumage. Wing 

 ^ 106-110, $ 99-104 (H.). 



Resident. — Caucasus and W. Shore of Caspian Sea. 



G. cristata meridionalis Brehm. Darker than typical form 

 with a rufous tinge, outer webs of outer tail feathers very rufous. 

 Resident. — Balkan Peninsula, Dalmatia, Greece, Crete. 



G. cristata cypriaca Bianchi. Greyer at all seasons and less 

 brown than typical form, spots on breast darker, bill rather longer 

 and weaker. 



Resident. — Greek Islands (Milos, Lemnos, Imbros), Cyprus. 



G. cristata neumanni Hilgcrt. A very dark form, darker even 

 than "meridionalis" and with rufous tail feathers. 

 Resident. — Roman Campagna. 



G. cristata pallida Brehm. Above lighter in colour, feather 

 margins paler. Wing 2-4 m.m. shorter. 

 Resident. — Spain and Portugal. 



G. cristata kleinschmidti Erlanger. Darker above than 

 typical form ; beneath whiter, breast more distinctly streaked ; 

 size as "pallida." 



Resident. — North Morocco (Tangier). 



