40 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



thick, high, and comparatively short, 9-10 long, 6-5-8 high. 

 Wing longer on average 77-80 (H.). 



Breeds. — Delta of Danube to S. Russia and S.W. of Caspian 

 Sea, Has occurred in Greece in winter. Accidental in Britain. 



B. tschusii compilator Matthews and Iredale (E. palustris 

 auct). In plumage like "schoeniclus." Margins of wings and 

 back chestnut. Wing $ 78-85 (W.). 



Breeds. — Italy, Sicily, S. France, E. Spain. Accidental in 

 Britain. 



B. tschusii othmari Hartert. Darker above than "tschusii," 

 less brown above than " compilator." Bill slightly larger than in 

 '* tschusii." 



Breeds. — S. Bulgaria and Greece. 



B. tschusii volgae Stresemann. Longer winged, $ 81-87 

 (H.) and thicker billed. 



Breeds. — Sarepta and Volga districts (Russia) ; occurs in 

 winter Lenkoran district of Caucasus. 



Emberiza pyrrhuloides pyrrhuloides Pallas. 



Bill larger than in " schoeniclus " or " tschusii," thick and high ; 

 upper mandible higher than lower, point rounded. Above feather 

 edges rusty yellowish grey, rump yellowish grey, unstriped ; 

 below white, rarely with indications of stripes. Larger. Wing 

 ^ 90-92. Tarsus 21-22. Bill, height 9-10-5 (H.). 



Resident. — Caucasus, Caspian shores, and E. into Asia. Once 

 occurred Heligoland. 



E. pyrrhuloides reiseri Hartert. Bill as typical form ; above 

 much darker, edges of feathers rusty brown ; rump darker grey, 

 flanks narrowly striped. Wing 2 m.m. shorter. 



Resident. — Thessaly. 



Calcarius. 



Hind claw nearly straight (as in Larks) ; wings more 

 pointed than in "Emberiza." Cup nest, well hidden, on 

 ground ; eggs olive brown to greenish, with red brown spots 

 and blotches, and thin dark hair lines and scratches. 



Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus (L.). Lapland 

 Punting. Gcr. Lerchen-Spornammer ; Swed. Lappsparf. 



