24 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



Carpodacus rubicillus rubicillus Giildenstadt. 



^ General colour crimson, brownish on back, more rosy 

 on tail coverts ; ear coverts silvery, quills and tail brown ; beneath 

 crimson with white centres. Bill yellowish. Legs and feet dark 

 brown. Wing ii8. Tarsus 22. Bill 13-5-1 5-5 (H.). ? light 

 brown throughout with faint dark central streaks. Wing 115. 



Resident. — Caucasus Mountains. 



Carpodacus erythrinus erythrinus (Pallas). Scarlet 

 Grosbeak. Fr. Roselin cramoisi ; Ger. Karmingimpel. 



^ Crown, nape, lower back, rump, chin, throat, and chest 

 camiine ; back, scapulars, and lesser wing coverts brown tinged 

 carmine ; abdomen white washed carmine. Bill brownish horn. 

 Legs and feet brown. Wing $ 80-86, ? 79-83 (W.). Tarsus 

 18-19. Bill 8-10. ? greyish streaked olive brown, wing coverts 

 with brownish white tips ; beneath whitish faintly streaked brown. 

 Young are like 5 but slightly browner. The ^ does not 

 accpire the full carmine plumage after the first moult, but breeds 

 in a dress not unlike that of $ . 



Breeds. — E. Prussia, Poland, Baltic Provinces, Finland, 

 Russia to 65° N., east to Lower Volga and Urals, and south to 

 48°, also in W. Siberia. Partly migratory ; occurs in winter W. 

 Europe to Spain, Britain (irregular visitor), Malta (rare). 



PiNICOLA. 



Larger than "Carpodacus"; upper mandible more curved; 

 frequent pine-woods chiefly ; cup nest in trees ; eggs sky 

 blue, with greyish and black spots. 



Pinicola enucleator enucleator (L.). Pine Grosbeak. 

 Fr. Dur bee vulgaire ; Ger. Hakengimpel ; Sived. Tallbit. 



^ Carmine, bases of feathers grey ; head, neck, and rump 

 more brilliant ; back grey with carmine margins ; wing coverts 

 tipped and secondaries margined white ; centre of abdomen, 

 under tail and wing coverts grey. Bill horn brown, lighter below. 

 Legs and feet dark brown. Wing $ 108-114, $ 104-109. Tarsus 

 21-22. Bill 13-14. ? orange or dull golden brown with grey 

 bases. The $ has much the same plumage as 9 until the 

 second year moult. 



