PASSRRES— FRINGILLID.E 23 



(^ Crown, nape, fore part of face, chin, secondaries, upper 

 tail coverts and tail bluish black ; back, scapulars, lesser and 

 median wing coverts and tips of greater coverts grey ; inner 

 secondary with outer margin red ; rump and under tail coverts 

 white ; sides of head and neck and underparts red. Bill black. 

 Legs and feet brown. Wing 90-98. Tarsus 18-19. Bill 8-10. 

 9 mantle ashy brown, outer web of inner secondary grey ; 

 beneath brown, slightly vinous. Wing 86-93. 



Breeds. — Scandinavia to 69°, Finland, N. and C. Russia east to 

 Ufa, I5altic Provinces, E. Prussia, Galicia, Hungary, Rumania. 

 Partly migratory ; occurs in winter in Britain (rare), Europe 

 generally to S. France, Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Turkey and 

 S. Russia. 



P. pyrrhula europaea Vicillot. Smaller than "pyrrhula." 

 ^ darker grey above often washed with red ; beneath less bright. 

 ^ distinctly duller and browner than typical 9- Wing $ 

 81-8S.5 (H.). 



Breeds. — Central Europe from Holland and Belgium to Poland, 

 south to Mountains of Balkan Peninsula, N. and C. Italy, N. 

 Portugal. In winter occurs Algeria and Tunisia, S. Italy (rare), 

 Sicily (occasional), Malta (accidental). 



P. pyrrhula pileata Macgillivray. $ indistinguishable in 

 colour from ^ " europaea." $ back browner and underparts 

 darker than ^ "europnsa." Wing 78-84. 



Resident. — British Isles. 



P. pyrrhula rossikowi Derjugin and Bianchi. Like " pyrr- 

 hula" in size, but grey of back purer and ])lucr and red below 

 niuch deeper. 



Resident. — Caucasus. 



P. pyrrhula murina Godman. Sexes almost alike and 

 resembling $ "europaia"; beneath brownish grey, rump and 

 under tail coverts grey brown. Wing 88-90. Tarsus 20 (H.). 



Resident. — St Michael (Azores). 



Carpodacus. 



Bill thick and short, longer than in "Pyrrhula"; sexes 

 different ; cup nest in hushes ; eggs blue with deep brown spots. 



