16 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



C. carduelis britannicus (Hartert). Above darker, white nuchal 

 spot ahiiost obsolete, mask lighter crimson, while parts less pure, 

 more brownish, flanks browner. 



Breeds. — British Isles. Is largely resident. 



C. carduelis tschusii Arrigoni. Resembles "britannicus" 

 but smaller ; bill more slender, ear coverts browner ; mask deep 

 crimson as in typical form. 



Resident. — Sardinia and Corsica. 



C, carduelis parvus Tschusi. Smaller, darker ; bill smaller ; 

 wing shorter ; nuchal spot less distinct than in " carduelis." Wing 

 70-78. 



Resident. — Madeira, W. Canary Islands, Azores. 



C. carduelis weigoldi Reichenow. Like " parvus " but brown 

 duller. Wing 70-77. 



Breeds. — Portugal, S. and N.W. Spain. Considerable migratory 

 movement occurs. 



C. carduelis africanus (Hartert). Close to " parvus," but bill 

 larger, wing longer, brown colour paler, and nuchal patch more 

 distinct. Wing 78. 



Breeds. — N.W. Africa, Morocco to Tunisia ; Central and 

 S.E. Spain, Balearic Islands. 



C. carduelis balcanicus Sachtleben. Size as typical form ; 

 brown of flanks greyer, breast patches more distinct, band across 

 chest very distinct. 



Breeds. — Dalmatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Greece. 



C. carduelis rumaeniae Tschusi. The darkest Goldfinch ; 

 white nape spot washed with brown ; above reddish brown ; 

 breast and flanks clear rusty brown ; ear coverts brown tinged. 



B?-eeds. — Rumania, Bulgaria, and Bessarabia. 



C. carduelis volgensis Buturlin. A large form, approaching 

 " C. c. major" of W. Asia in size but nearer to typical form in 

 colour of back, rump and upper tail coverts, whiter than in 

 "carduelis" but not as extensively so as in Asiatic race. 



Breeds. — C. and S. Russia to Urals. 



C. carduelis brevirostris Sarudny. Upper parts paler grey. 

 Wing 75-81. 



Breeds. — Caucasus. Occurs in winter Asia Minor, Cyprus. 



