4 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



grey; bill more slender and pointed than in "corone"; base of 

 bill and front part of face bare and skin very rough. Bill, legs 

 and feet black. Wing 292-320. Tarsus 52-54. 311149-54. Young 

 are duller, with root of bill feathered and nostrils covered. 



Breeds. — Europe generally, including British Isles, from about 

 64° N., south to S. France, N. Italy, Dobrudscha, Crimea. Occurs 

 in winter Spain, Portugal, Mediterranean basin and islands. 

 Algeria (occasional), Egypt, Caucasus, Azores (occasional), 

 Madeira (rare). Migrates from northern part of breeding range. 

 Resident Britain, and many migrants come there in winter 

 from East. 



Corvus monedula monedula L. Jackdaw. Fr. Choucas 

 gris ; Gc}'. Dohle ; ItaL Taccola ; Swed. Kaja. 



$ $ adult. Black, glossed purple and green on wings and 

 tail ; crown bright purple, back and rump greyer, nape and neck 

 whitish grey, whiter (almost forming a white patch) on sides ; 

 beneath dark slate grey with a brown tinge. Bill, legs and 

 feet black. Iris bluish white. Wing 220-243. Tarsus 42-46. 

 Bill 28-32. 



Breeds. — Scandinavia, Finland, Baltic Provinces. Possibly 

 some migrate, but has not yet been recorded as occurring 

 elsewhere. 



C. monedula spermologus Vieillot. Darker, especially on 

 underparts ; neck not so pale grey and no indication of white 

 neck patches. 



Breeds. — British Isles ; Europe south of range of typical 

 "monedula" and west of Russia, to Italy, Sicily, Malta, Sardinia 

 and Morocco. Partly migratory ; occurs in winter in Corsica, 

 Greece, Canary Islands (rare). 



C. monedula collaris Drummond. Paler on underparts than 

 preceding forms ; white neck patches almost form a collar. 



Breeds. — Russia, Balkan States, Greece, Caucasus. Also W. 

 Asia (Asia Minor to Kashmir). Occurs in winter in E. Prussia 

 and Poland, but is largely resident. 



C. monedula cirtensis Rothschild and Hartert. Paler than 

 " spermologus," pure slate grey with no brown tinge, neck greyer. 

 In worn plumage very brown, and sometimes brown feathers, 



