2 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



between typical "corax" and "tingitanus" as to bill, which is 

 high and strong and more curved than in " corax," longer than 

 in "tingitanus." 



Resident — Spain and Portugal, Corsica, Sardinia. 



" C. c. sardus " Kleinschmidt appears inseparable from this race. 



C. corax canariensis Hartert and Kleinschmidt. Bill as in 

 typical "corax,'' but smaller, as is entire bird. Wing 390-415 (H.). 

 From "tingitanus" distinguished by its weaker, straighter and 

 less high beak. 



Resident. — Canary Islands. 



C. corax tingitanus Irby. Bill shorter, higher, stouter, 

 length 60-64 ; throat hackles shorter ; wing not over 430 ; upper 

 back tinged brown in worn plumage. 



Resident. — N. Africa from W. Egypt (Solium) to Morocco, south 

 to Atlas. Accidental Madeira. 



C. corax laurencei Hume. Intermediate between typical 

 "corax" and larger eastern "tibetanus" (which has wing 480-497 

 and very long throat hackles). Becomes very brown on head 

 in worn plumage. Wing 400-450. 



Resident. — From Greece, through Asia Minor, E. to N. W. India. 



C. corax ruflcollis Lesson. Smaller. Bill more slender ; 

 head, neck, and occasional feathers on underparts brownish at 

 all seasons except just after moult, but most marked in worn 

 plumage; neck feathers whitish at base. "Wing 350-420. Bill 

 from skull 57-75. Height 20-25-5 " (Meinertzhagen). 



Resident. — N. Africa in desert places, from Cape de Verdes 

 to Egypt ; south of range of "tingitanus" in Morocco, Tunis, and 

 Algeria ; also through Palestine to India. 



Corvus rhipidurus Hartert. Fantailed Raven. 



$ $ Bill 'short and much curved; nasal bristles fan-shaped, 

 pointing upwards ; primaries and secondaries very long in pro- 

 portion to tail, which is short and broad. Wing 340-410. Tail 

 140-160. Tarsus 55. Bill 50-60 (H.). 



Reside?it. — N.E. Africa, Middle and Upper Egypt, Arabia, and 

 Palestine. 



Corvus cornix cornix L. Hooded Crow. Fr. Corneille 

 mantelee; Ger. Nebelkriihe; Jtal. Cornacchia; Swed. Gra Kraka. 



