118 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



Turdus musicus musicus L. Song Thrush. Fi: Grive ; 

 Gcr. Singdrosscl ; Ital. Toido bottacio ; Swcd. Talltrast. 



^ 9 Above olive brown ; centre of throat white, remainder 

 of underparts white with large brown spots and streaks ; a tinge 

 of reddish buff on chest rarely extending to throat, flanks tinged 

 olive ; under wing coverts and axillaries reddish buff; 5rd to 5th 

 primaries emarginate. Bill black brown, yellowish at base below. 

 Legs and feet pale brown. Wing $, 110-120, 9 105-120. Tarsus 

 30-34. Bill 14-16. 



Breeds. — Europe north to about 68^, south to N. Spain and 

 Mountains of N. Italy ; in Urals south to Lower Ilek River ; 

 also in W. Siberia, Caucasus and N. Persia. Migratory in 

 north. Occurs in winter S. Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt, N.W. 

 Africa, Madeira, Canaries. In Britain occurs on passage and 

 in winter. 



T. musicus clarkei Hartert. Above darker, more russet ; 

 beneath, the reddish buff extends over breast and generally throat 

 as well as flanks ; also is more heavily spotted. 



Breeds. — British Isles, Holland. Resident and migratory, 

 occurs France and Spain in winter. Specimens occur in W. 

 Europe and even E. Russia which agree with this race rather 

 than typical form. 



T. musicus helbridensis Eagle Clarke. Darker and redder 

 especially on head than " clarkei " ; beneath, spots more copious 

 and intense, flanks very dark, under wing coverts redder. Wing 

 (^ 115-120, 9 111-121. Tarsus 29-32. Bill 15-18. 



Resident— OviX^x Hebrides. 



"T. m. brehmi" Zeidlitz, Central Europe (France to Siberia) is 

 not considered separable from typical "musicus." 



Turdus iliacus L. Redwing. Fr. Mauvis ; Ger. Wein- 

 drossel ; Ital. Tordo sassello ; Swed. Rodvinge-Trast. 



$ 9 Above dark olive brown, supercilium buffy yellow ; 

 beneath white with dark streaks ; under wing coverts, axillaries, 

 and flanks chestnut. Bill dark brown, yellowish at base below. 

 Legs and feet yellowish brown. Wing 1^ 11 3- 119, ? 11 2- 121. 

 Tarsus 28-30. Bill 15-17. 



Breeds. — N. Europe to tundras, south to Svea in Sweden ; 

 Iceland, Baltic Provinces south to Memel (rare), E. Russia south 



