PASSRRES— MUSCICAIMD/K 121 



T. torqiiatus alpestris Drchni. r{ as typical form but more white 

 on wing's and broader white margins on underparts at all seasons. 

 9 as typical form but margins of feathers much broader. 



Breeds. — Mountains of C. and S. Europe, from Spain cast to 

 Carpatliians. Partly resident ; occurs in winter Algeria, Tunisia, 

 Asia Minor. 



T. torquatus orientalis (Seebohm). Resembles typical fonn 

 as regards edgings of body feathers ; white edges to wing feathers 

 more extensive and purer. 



Breeds. — Caucasus, N. Persia, Transcaspia. Occasionally 

 occurs Egypt in winter. 



Turdus merula merula L. Blackbird. Fr. Merle ; 

 Ger. Amsel ; Ifal. Mcrlo ; S7c<ed. Kolstrast. 



^ adult. Glossy black, eye-rim and bill orange yellow. Legs 

 and feet brown. Wing (emarginate 3rd to 6th primaries) ^ $ 

 122-132. Tarsus 30-34. liill 17-21. 5 Above olive brown; 

 beneath, throat whitish with dark streaks, or like breast, rufous, 

 abdomen grey brown. Bill dark brown (sometimes partly yellow). 

 Young : like $ , but striped rufous above and with more rufous on 

 underparts. 



Breeds. — British Isles, Continental Europe (except S.E.) north 

 to 70' ; rare in far north, Urals, and colder parts of Central Europe, 

 e.i^. Hungary, Poland. Migratory in N. ; occurs Faroes on 

 passage and also N. Mediterranean countries where many winter 

 as well as in N. Africa. 



"T. m. hispanus" Kleinschmidt (shorter wing and longer tail) 

 from Spain and "T. m. schiebeli" Tschusi (male more glossy 

 black) from Corsica, are not considered separable. 



T. merula cabrerae Hartert. ^ like typical form but 

 more glossy black ; bill stronger and longer ; wing and tail 

 shorter. Wing 121-128. Tail 100- no (H.). 9 Above more 

 rufous brown than 9 " merula," below throat grey, striped black, 

 breast olive brown. Wing 1 15-124. Tail 94-108 (H.). 



Resident. — Madeira and W. Canaries. 



T. merula azorensls Hartert. Like "cabrerre" but tail still 

 shorter and wing more rounded. Wing (^ 1 17-125, 9 112-122. 

 Tail ^ 90-102, 9 90-100 (H.). 



Resident. — Azores. 



