124 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



Tarsus 25-28. Bill 11-12. $ resembles ^ but brown above, 

 and black elsewhere replaced by brown. In winter sexes much 

 alike, wing coverts and secondaries broadly margined rufous. 



Breeds. — British Isles ; Continental Europe N. to Finmark, 

 and 70° in Russia and south to N. Spain and Portugal, Balearic 

 Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, S. Russia ; through Siberia to 

 Alaska. Migrates ; occurs on passage Egypt and N.W. Africa. 

 Winters tropical Africa, Mesopotamia, S. Arabia. 



CE. oenanthe argentea (Lonnberg). Wings longer than in 

 typical form, 96 and over ; bill slightly longer, back paler grey, 

 more white on forehead. (A doubtful race.) 



Breeds. — Transcaspia. Occurs Egypt on passage. 



CE. CEnanthe leucorrhoa (Gmelin). GREENLAND Wheatear. 

 Browner above and more brightly coloured below. Larger. 

 Wing $ 100-108, 9 97-107- Tarsus 27-30. Bill 11-12. 



Breeds. — N.E. America, Greenland, and probably Iceland and 

 Faroes. Occurs on passage British Isles, Azores, Morocco, 

 Canaries (rare). Winters W. Africa, also in United States. 



<E. cBnanthe rostrata (Hemprich and Ehrenberg). Bill longer, 

 13-14 m.m. ; edges of wing coverts and secondaries in autumn 

 very pale rufous. 



Breeds. — Caucasus to N. Arabia. Occurs Egypt on passage, 

 and in winter in E. Africa. 



CE. oenanthe virago Meinertzhagen. $ Mantle more silvery. 

 Bill large ; culmen 19-5-20. Wing 89-95. 9 Back greyer than in 

 typical ?. Wing 87-89. Culmen 18. Young also grey above 

 (Meinertzhagen). ? in this race closely resembles $. 



Breeds. — Crete (4000-8200 feet). 



CE. CEnanthe seebohmi (Dixon). $ More white on forehead 

 and eyebrow than in "oenanthe" ; entire throat, face, foreneck, 

 and under wing coverts black. Wing 92-99-5 (H.). ^ Above 

 paler than typical $ . 



Breeds.— PiMves Mountains, S.E. Algeria ; also Atlas Mountains, 

 C. and S.W. Morocco. 



CE. CEnanthe nivea (Weigold). Underparts almost pure white, 

 and more white on forehead ; closely resembles " argentea " but 

 bill mostly longer ; wing averages 95 m.m. (A doubtful race.) 



B?rcds. — Sierra Nevada (S. Spain). 



