58 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



wedge of white on inner web, next white tipped. In winter, 

 above more olive ; beneath white broadly streaked on breast 

 and flanks. Bill, summer, all brownish black ; winter, dark 

 brown, flesh coloured at base. Legs and feet dark brown. Wing 

 c? 87-93, 9 82-89 (W.). Tarsus 22-24. Bill 12-13. 



Breeds. — Mountains France, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, 

 Austria, Hungary, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, Balkans, Carpathians, 

 Rumania ; also Asia Minor. Winters in plains, especially in 

 Mediterranean to Algeria and Tunisia. Casual in Britain. 



A. spinoletta coutelli Savigny, Winter : paler and browner, 

 more olive than typical form, striations more distinct, and rump 

 more golden ; beneath clear reddish buff streaked on breast. 

 Summer : breast vinous, very slightly streaked. 



A Persian breeding race, which occurs in winter in Egypt. 



A. spinoletta blakistoni Swinhoe. Paler than typical form 

 and also than " coutelli " ; beneath as in typical form. Generally 

 smaller. Wing $ 89-90, 9 81-83 (H.). 



Breeds. — Central Asia. Occurs Caucasus in winter and also 

 recorded Egypt, Port Said (Lynes). 



A. spinoletta rubescens Tunstall. American Water Pipit. 

 Recognisable in winter plumage by small size (wing $ 82-89, 

 9 78-82 (W.)), and darker buff underparts with smaller spots more 

 confined to breast. Legs and feet very dark brown. Second 

 outer tail feather has more white on inner web. 



An American race, of rare occurrence W. Europe. 



A. spinoletta caucasicus Laubmann. Wing ^ 86-88 (H.). 

 Lighter above than "spinoletta" but not so light as "blakistoni." 

 Breast more grey yellowish than in " spinoletta," darker than 

 " blakistoni." 



Breeds. — Caucasus. 



Anthus petrosus petrosus Montagu. Rock Pipit. 



$ $ summer. Above brown with slight green tinge and faint 

 dark central streaks ; beneath dull yellowish white with dark 

 streaks ; outer tail feathers smoky brown outer web. In winter 

 much more olive green above and yellowish buff beneath. Bill 

 in winter dark brown, flesh coloured below at base, in summer 

 brown black. Wing $ 87-96, ? 84-90. Tarsus 23-25. Bill 13-15. 



