56 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



a band of dark spots on breast. Bill blackish horn, paler below 

 at base. Legs and feet yellowish brown. Wing ^ 75-8o, 

 9 2-3 m.m. shorter. Tarsus 22. Bill 11-12. Young: wing 

 coverts and secondaries have rufous margins. 

 Rcsidc7it, — Canary Islands. 



A. "bertheloti madeirensis Hartert. Bill 1-2 m.m. longer. 

 Resident. — Madeira and Porto Santo. 



Anthus pratensis (L.). Meadow Pipit. Fr. Pipi des 



pres ; Ge?'. Weisenpieper ; Ital. Pispola ; Swed. Angpiplarka. 



$ $ Above greenish olive brown streaked with dark centres 

 except on upper tail coverts ; beneath white, buff tinged on 

 breast, sides of throat as well as breast and flanks with dark 

 spots or streaks, under wing coverts and axillaries whitish tinged 

 yellow ; ist to 4th primaries nearly equal, 2nd, 3rd and 4th 

 emarginate ; hind claw slender, very slightly curved and longer 

 than hind toe. Bill dark brown, flesh coloured below at base. 

 Legs and feet pale brown. Wing ^ 75-86, $ 72-82. Tarsus 

 20-22. Bill 10-12. In winter more olive above and more buff 

 beneath. 



Breeds. — Europe from extreme north, Kolguev, Iceland, Faroes 

 and Britain south to Pyrenees, Italy, Transylvania, Rumania to 

 Transcaspia and in W. Siberia. Migrates ; on passage in Urals 

 and Caucasus. Some winter S. Sweden, Denmark, Holland, 

 British Isles, S. France and Hungary. Winters commonly 

 Mediterranean basin and N. Africa. Rare in Canaries. 



Anthus cervinus (Pallas). Red-throated Pipit. 



(^ summer. Darker than " pratensis " and lacks greenish olive 

 colour ; rump and upper tail coverts streaked ; beneath, face, 

 throat, and breast, pale chestnut or vinous buff; abdomen buffy 

 white. In winter reddish colour beneath is generally lost, but 

 is reacquired very early in spring and in some cases persists 

 through winter but on throat only. Bill and legs as in 

 " pratensis." Wing formula as in " pratensis " ; ^ 82-88, $ 80-84. 

 Tarsus 20-22. Bill 10-12. $ summer: sometimes like $ but 

 seldom with so much colour on breast and throat more buff. In 

 winter throat whitish buff. Young like winter 9 but rather more 

 streaked breast and flanks. 



