54 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



O. alpestris bilopha (Temminck). Above sandy grey with 

 no dark centres ; no yellow tinge on forehead, throat, and sides 

 of head, which are pure white ; beneath white, flanks like the 

 back ; black of cheeks and chest separated by white. Wing 

 96-100 (H.). Young : reddish isabelline above, undcrparts white, 

 rather resembling "Ammomanes deserti," but distinguished by 

 white tips to tail feathers which are cinnamon in "Ammomanes." 



Breeds. — Stony deserts of N. Africa, south of Atlas to Wadi 

 Natron and Lower Egypt. Of accidental occurrence in S. Spain. 



O. alpestris brandti Dresser. Forehead, throat and sides 

 of neck white, rarely tinged yellow ; hind neck and occiput 

 greyish rose ; back striped brown ; black of cheeks and chest 

 separated by white. 



An Asiatic race which occurs in winter in E. Russia (Orenburg 

 to Volga). 



O. alpestris penicillata (Gould). Larger and greyer than 

 "flava," less distinctly streaked, and rosy only on occiput and 

 hind neck ; hornlets long and incurved ; forehead, throat, and 

 sides of neck light sulphur yellow ; black of cheeks and chest 

 united. Winged 1 17-122 (H.). 



Breeds. — Caucasus and Asia Minor. 



O. alpestris balcanica Reichenow. Very near "penicillata," 

 greyer in winter, and at same season yellow of head, neck, and 

 throat deeper ; in summer difficult to distinguish. Young : brown 

 above with white tips ; beneath white, with dark spots on breast. 



Breeds. — Mountains of Balkan Peninsula. 



The typical form " O. a. alpestris" is American and like 

 "flava" but has a larger bill and browner wing coverts. 



MOTAOILLID^. 



Sides of tarsus covered by unbroken sheath ; 9 visible 

 primaries ; inner secondaries lengthened, sometimes as long as 

 primaries ; bill thin. 



Anthus— Pipits. 



Brown, more or less spotted; superficially resemble 

 Larks ; nest on ground ; eggs like those of Larks. 



