PASSERES-AI.AUDID.T. 51 



L. arborea flavescens Ehmcke. Edges of feathers lighter 

 than in typical form, contrasting strongly with dark feather 

 centres. 



Breeds. — Greece, Macedonia, Rumania to S. Russia. 



Alaqda. 



Bill stronger than in "Lullula," more slender than in 

 " Calandrella " ; ist primary visible but very small ; secondaries 

 long, do not reach tips of primaries. 



Alauda arvensis arvensis L. Skylark. Fr. Alouette 

 des champs ; Ger. Feldlerche ; Ital. Lodola ; Swed. Siingliirka. 



$ ? Above brown with dark centres and buff or tawny 

 margins, crest slight ; beneath whitish, throat spotted and chest 

 streaked with brown, under wing coverts and axillaries greyish 

 buff, two outer pairs of tail feathers all or partly white. Hind 

 claw long and straight, longer than hind toe, 12-18, occasionally 

 22 m.m. long. Bill above dark brown, pale below. Legs and feet 

 yellow brown. Wing ^ 100-118, $ 97-106. Tarsus 24-25. 

 Bill 9-1 1. In winter more rufous. Young: dark brown above 

 with rusty edges and huffish white spots. 



Breeds. — Europe generally except extreme south, in Scan- 

 dinavia to about 70° N., in Spain south to Ebro, N. Italy, N. 

 Hungary, Russia south to about 50°. Migratory ; occurs in winter 

 in S. Europe, Mediterranean Islands, N.W. Africa ; many winter 

 in C. Europe north to Britain and Baltic Sea. 



A. arvensis cantarella Bonaparte. Margins of upper parts 

 greyer, less brown ; underparts whiter ; as a rule smaller. 

 Characters are not easy to elicit but it appears never to be so 

 rufous in winter as typical form. 



Breeds. — Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily (Meinertz- 

 hagen). 



A. arvensis cinarescens Ehmcke. Greyer and paler than 

 " cantarella." Appears never to assume rufous i)lumage at any 

 age or season. Generally smaller. 



Breeds. — S.E. Europe, Balkans to Russia, also W. Siberia. 

 Found in Palestine, Syria, and Egypt in winter, as well as in 

 S.E. Europe. 



