214 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



Cygnus bewicki bewicki Yarrell. Bewick's Swan. 

 Ger. Kleiner Singschwan ; Ifal. Cigno minore. 



$ $ White. Smaller than " cygnus." Bill black, basal part 

 yellow, yellow at sides not reaching nostril. Legs and feet black. 

 Iris brown. Wing ^ 515-537, ? 475-525- Tarsus 100-115. 

 Bill $ 90-98, $ 84-95 (W.). In young, bill is whitish at base, 

 black towards tip ; legs and feet dull yellowish white. 



Breeds. — From White Sea, east through Siberia to Lena ; 

 Nova Zembla, Waigatz, and Kolguev. Migrates ; occurs in 

 winter British Isles, W. Europe, and in E. Europe south to 

 Mediterranean and Caspian Seas ; also C. Asia. 



Cygnus olor (Gmelin). Mute Swan. F7: Cygne domes- 

 tique ; Gcr. Hockerschwan ; Ital. Cigno reale ; Swed. Knotsvan. 



(^ $ White. Bill orange red, area round nostrils, base and 

 cutting edges black, and black below. At base of upper mandible 

 is a black knob, this frontal tubercle is less developed in $ 

 but is noticeable even in young. Legs and feet dark grey. 

 Wing $ 560-622, 9 535-570. Tarsus 98-120. Bill $ from 

 knob 70-85, ? from feathers 73-90 (W.). Young are sooty 

 brownish grey ; bill black. 



Breeds. — (In wild state) S. Sweden, Denmark, N. Germany, 

 C. and S. Russia, Danube Valley, Bulgaria, Caucasus, Deltas 

 of Volga and Ural, and through Siberia to Mongolia. Migrates ; 

 winters in Mediterranean Basin, N.W. Africa, Egypt (rare) ; and 

 from Caspian districts to N.W. India. 



Anser. 

 Bill high at base, lamellations strong, visible from outside ; 

 tip of upper mandible occupied by nail ; vegetarian and 

 granivorous, feeding chiefly by night ; gregarious except in 

 breeding season ; nest depression in ground or amongst 

 herbage Hned with down. 



Anser anser (L.). Grey Lag-Goose. Fr. Oie cendree ; 

 Ger. Graugans ; Ifal. Oca selvatica ; Swed. Gragas. 



^ 9 Above brown with pale margins, occasionally some white 

 at base of bill, wing coverts, lower back, and rump grey ; beneath 

 paler brown with some black feathers. Bill pinkish flesh to orange 



