PASSEUES— MUSCICAPID.K 131 



tipped ; underparts chestnut, buff tipped, centre of abdomen 

 pale buff; no white on tail. Primaries emarginate 3rd to 6th ; 

 1st primary 5-10 m.m. longer than coverts. In summer through 

 wearing of feather tips, head, throat, and back almost black ; 

 underparts brighter. ? Browner above, no white on tail coverts, 

 less black on throat, no white patch on neck, underparts duller. 

 Wing (^ 65-69, $ 60-66. Tarsus 21-23. ^^i^l S-io. 



Ih'ccds. — Continental Europe from Denmark, Germany (chiefly 

 west of Elbe) and S.W, Poland, south to Mediterranean, S. Russia, 

 Asia Minor, and N.W. Africa. Partial migrant ; occurs Egypt 

 in winter. 



The typical race " S. t. torquata " is S. African. 



S. torquata hibernans (Hartert). Like "rubicola" but in 

 autumn edges of feathers above darker, more red brown, and 

 also darker below. In summer can only be distinguished by 

 remains of feather tips. 



Breeds. — British Isles, Portugal. Partial migrant ; has 

 occurred south Spain in winter (Algeciras, Malaga). 



S. torquata maura (Pallas). — Lighter above than "rubicola" ; 

 upper tail coverts white without dark spots ; basal part of tail 

 white. 



Breeds. — Caucasus, Lower Ural to Orenburg, and N.W. Perm; 

 also W. Asia. Rare Egypt on passage. Winters E. Africa and 

 S. Arabia. 



S. torquata indica (Blyth). — Tail as in " rubicola," but 

 feather edges of upper parts lighter ; upper tail coverts white 

 as in " maura." 



Breeds.— N.K'. Russia (Petchora), Urals to 60", W. and C. 

 Asia. Winters in India and Afghanistan. Has twice occurred 

 in Britain. 



Tarsiger. 



Sexes different; rictal bristles well developed; resemble 

 Robins in habits. 



Tarsiger cyanurus (Pallas). 



(^ Above blue, brighter on lesser wing coverts and upper 

 tail coverts ; sujjercilium white ; flanks bright orange ; abdomen 

 white, rest of underparts buff. Bill black. Legs and feet dark 



