132 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



brown. Wing 78-80. Tarsus 21-22. Culmen 13-13-5 (H.). 

 9 Olive brown, throat and abdomen white, flanks rufous, upper 

 tail coverts and tail dull blue. Young spotted. 



Breeds. — E. Russia (Perm and Orenburg Govts.), and east 

 across Siberia to Japan. Winters chiefly S.E. Asia. 



Phcenicurus. 



Allied to Robins and Chats ; generally with chestnut tail, 

 tail constantly in motion; food, insects, and fruit in autumn; 

 nest in holes of trees, walls, rocks, ruins, or in a bush or 

 hollow in ground (moussieri) ; eggs pale blue or white. 



Phcenicurus phcenicurus phcenicurus (L.). Red- 

 start. Fr. Rouge-queue ; Ger. Gartenrotschwanz ; ItaL 

 Codirosso ; Swed. Rodstjart. 



(^ Crown and back slaty, forehead white ; rump, upper 

 tail coverts, tail, breast, flanks, under wing coverts, and axillaries 

 reddish chestnut ; lores, occasionally a narrow frontal band, 

 face, and throat black ; abdomen white ; 3rd to 5th primaries 

 emarginate, ist longer than coverts, 2nd usually longer than 6th, 

 which is 6-7 m.m. shorter than 5th. In winter, back is browner 

 and under surface is white tipped. ? Brown, paler on underparts ; 

 ramp, upper tail coverts and tail reddish chestnut ; under wing 

 coverts and axillaries yellow buff, occasionally throat whitish 

 \vith black bases and breast sometimes reddish tinged. Bill, 

 legs and feet brownish black. Wing $ 76-82, $ 75-81. 

 Tarsus 20-22. Bill 8-10. 



Breeds. — Europe to far north ; British Isles ; south to 

 N. wSpain, C. Italy, Montenegro, Lower Danube, Russia south 

 to Middle Volga and Urals and east into Siberia. Migrates ; 

 occurs on passage in Mediterranean countries, N.W. Africa, 

 Egypt, S. Russia, Caucasus and Asia Minor. Winters in 

 tropical Africa. 



P. phcenicurus algeriensis (Kleinschmidt). — Wing rounder ; 

 6th primary 4-5 m.m. shorter than 5th ; 2nd not longer, 

 generally shorter than 6th. 



Breeds, — Algeria and Morocco, N. and Middle Atlas, 

 Portugal. 



