138 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



E. rubecixla witherbyi Hartert. Close to "mclophilus " but 

 upper parts more as in " rubecula" and not so dark as "sardus" ; 

 breast as in "melophilus." Wing ^ 68-71, $ 67-69. 



Breeds. — Tunisia, Nf^lgeria, N. Morocco, S. Spain. 



B. rubecula atlas Lynes. Upper parts including rump dark 

 earthy olive green. Bill longer. May prove to be identical with 

 " witherbyi," 



Breeds. — Middle Atlas, Morocco. 



E. rubecula superbus Koenig. Above darker than "rubec- 

 ula," less rufous than " melophilus " ; orange red of throat and 

 breast very dark ; inner margins of cjuills yellowish. Wing 

 $ 9 65-72 (H.). 



Resident. — Tenerife, Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). 



B. rubecula caucasicus Buturlin. Greyer and less olive 

 above than " rubecula " ; upper tail coverts reddish ; bill longer 

 than in "rubecula." Is intermediate between "rubecula" and 

 "E. r. hyrcanus" of N. Persia. 



Breeds. — Caucasus. Occurs in winter in Transcaucasia. 



E. rubecula xanthothorax Salvador! and Festa. Olive brown 

 above like " sardus " 1:)ut upper tail coverts rusty ; red of breast 

 and forehead yellower. 



Breeds. — Rhodes ; possibly other Greek Islands. 



PRUNELLID^. 



Bill hard, broad at base, with swollen sides and round 

 top; nostrils free, covered with membrane; wing rounded, 

 I St primary very short; stomach muscular as in Finches; 

 plumage hard and thick; young in ist plumage spotted. 



Prunella. 

 Characters as in Order. 



Nest in clefts of rocks or in bushes ; eggs greenish blue ; 

 are granivorous as well as insectivorous. 



Prunella collaris collaris (Scopoli). Alpine Accentor. 

 Fr. Fauvette des Alpes ; Gcr. Alpenbraunelle ; Ital. Sordone. 



$ $ adult. Above grey brown with darker striations, faint 

 on rump and upper tail coverts, wing coverts with white tips, 



